A History of Western Civilization ...

administration ancient Arabic army attempt authority barbarian became began bishops brought Byzantine caused central Chapters Christian Church civilization common continued court crusades culture decline early East eastern economic effect elected emperor England English established Europe European existence fact feudal finally followed forced formed fourteenth France French gave German gradually greatest Greek growth hands hundred ideas imperial important increased independent influence interest Italian Italy king kingdom known land later Latin learning literature lived lord mediaeval Middle Ages military natural nobility nobles organization papacy peace period Persian political pope practice religion religious result Roman Empire Rome royal rule showed social Spain struggle successful theory third thirteenth century tion took towns trade twelfth universal West western western Europe