ZAPOR

Z.

APORAVIANS, the, are a tribe of Coffacks who inhabit the islands of the Boryfthenes, and a small tract of country on the fide of Crimea beyond the Cataracts, xiii. 29, 30 they are a collection of all nations, moftly, however, of Polanders, of Ruffians, and of the Ukrain Coffacks; they were formerly fubject (at one time) to the Turks of Tartars of Crimea; at another time they were fubject to Ruffia, and refumed. their fubmiffion to the Ruffian government about the year 1734, 30their general, or chief of their state, which is a republic, is chofen among themfelves, and receives a blind and implicit obedience from them, fo long as he pleases them; but the moment they are difcontented with him, they depofe him without further ceremony, and chufe another in his place, 30, 31 -in time of war the court pays them penfions, and furnishes them with provifions for the cam-. paign; they have but one fecretary who dares fend or receive letters, as any other who fhould be known to hold the leaft correfpondence would be put to death without mercy, even the general or chief of the ftate himfelf; the number of troops they can bring into the field is not fixed; in the laft war against the Turks, eight thousand of their horfe ferved in the Ruffian armies, but, on a stretch, with their beft efforts, they could raife twelve or fifteen thousand, 31

their fingular customs relating to marriage, and the intercourfe between the married parties after marriage; the division of their troops into different chambers or comradefhips, and the cuftom by which all the troops who are prefent in the capital are obliged to dine and fup in their public halls or refectories, 31— their manner of punishing crimes is as fingular as their manner of living, 32-their proneness to rapine, both in peace and war, is general and univerfal, as the whole republic is faid to confift of thieves and vagabonds, 32

Zadah, Sha, the Great Mogulfome. account of, iv. [56, 57]

Zealand, New, the inhabitants of the fituation and extent of their country, the ftature, complexion, and diet of the natives, xvi. 27. and note their horrid customs in time of war; t their favour to thofe who fettle as a colony among them; their great averfion to strangers, whom they always confider at first as enemies, 28, 29the modeft reserve and decorum they obferve in their carriage and converfation, particularly in refpect of their women, ibid. their cuftom of dyeing and painting their fkins, the fingular and uncouth drefs they wear, 31, 32 the nature of their houfes, domeftic furniture, and implements, 33, 34

their plantations, remarkable health and strength, and the inge nuity of the people, particularly in making their canoes, 35, 36their excellence in tillage; their mi litary customs; the war dance, and fongs, and fonorous inftruments, 37-39-the nature of their government; their notions of the origin of the world, and the production of mankind, and their various me thods of difpofing of their dead, 40

42-reafons for imagining that they have the fame origin with the inhabitants of the South Sea Inlands, by dr. Hawkefworth (the writer of thefe memoirs), with a few particu lars that occurred in Tegadoo Bay, communicated by mr. Banks and dr. Solander, 42-45

Zenobia, the celebrated queen of Palmyra, and of the Eaft, who ftands unrivalled as a female in breaking through the fervile indolence impofed on her fex by the climate and manners of Afia, xix. 142- he claimed her defcent from the Macedonian kings of Egypt, equalled in beauty her ancestor Cleopatra, and far furpaffed her in chastity and valour, ibid-fhe poffeffed a manly understanding, ftrengthened and adorned by ftudy, was an eminent linguift, and familiarly converfed about the beauties of Homer and Plato, under the tuition of the fublime

Longinus, 143- -her marriage with Odenathus; her martial fpirit and prudence, and the united fame and power acquired by their victories during his life-time, with an account

of

of his affaffination by his nephew Maconius, who was afterwards facrificed by Zenobia to the memory of her husband, 143, 144- her fteady adminiftration, which was guided by the moft judicious maxims of policy on the death of her husband : the increase of her dominions, by the addition of the kingdom of Egypt, and her oppofition to the Roman power, provoked the emperor Aurelian to march against her in perfon, 144--the firmnefs and vigour with which fhe oppofed the veteran troops of the Roman emperor, teftified in a letter he wrote on that occafion, when wounded with a dart from her army, till after a variety of unfortunate circumftances the refolved to fly, but was overtaken and brought a captive to the feet of the emperor, 145-147

her manly conduct, mixed with a prudent refpect, on being firft brought before the emperor, and the future ignominious purchase of her life, by the facrifice of her fame and her friends, particularly the great Longinus, who was her fecretary, 147--the very memorable. manner in which Longinus calmly fubmitted to his fate, pitying his unhappy mistress, and beflowing comfort on his afflicted friends, ibid.the wretched fate of the city of Palmyra, after the fall of Zenobia, 148 Zinzendorff, Nicholas Lewis, count, the founder and head of the fect of Moravians- -this nobleman has fhewn all Europe, by his wild and vifionary ideas of religion and piety, fupported by enthufiafm and devotion, that, in the most enlightened age, perfeverance, fupported by fanaticifm and religious worthip, could recal that zeal, that "myfticity," and thofe extraordinary follies, which one, would think proper only for the dark and barbarous ages: he wanted fublime virtues; he therefore fet in motion the great fpring of religion: he wanted men without ambition; he has introduced the community of effects; he had occafion. for weak imaginations; he enfeebled them by abftinence and frugality he must have miracles; he had the' boldness to attempt fome: prophecies; he ventured them: fcholars; he corrupted fome: women;

he feduced fome: the beft fchemed particular of his life, is the tranfporting his difciples into the new world, being very fenfible that pietifts were not made for the old he died in the fixtieth year of his age, on May the ioth 1760, at Herahuth in Silefia, iii. [108] Zinzendorff, Lewis, count fome curious memoirs of the grandeur and ftate of Vienna, where the count, poffeffed of the moft celebrated minifterial abilities, was diftinguifhed with the highest honours in the reign of the emperor Charles VI. v. 32, 33--he was defcended from a very noble family in Auftria, and his mother was a princefs of the house of Holftein; he had ftrong natural parts, which he improved by a regular education, and ftill more by long experience in public offices of ftate, which he difcharged with the greatest fidelity to the ftate, and the moft diftinguithed reputation to himself; as is proved in the conduct of many of his negociations, and especially in the famous" Pragmatic Sanction," 33he was no lefs confpicuous for the magnificence of his table, which was fupplied with every kind of luxury that nature or art could furnish him with, out of every country in Europe; for his skill in Afiatic and Italian luxury; and for the difplay of his fuperior learning in all his exotic and domeftic delicacies among his friends at his table, 33, 34~ -a remarkable ac

count of the manner in which he employed half an hour on his public days, when he was inacceffible to any one except his cook and his attendants, 34, 35

Zoroafter, the great philofopher and legiflator of the Perfians-the law attributed to him was divided (according to the teftimony of modern authors) into one-and-twenty noks or parts, feven of which treat of the creation and hiftory of the world, feven of morality, of civil and reli gious duties, and feven of phyfic and aftronomy, v. 109the uni verfal tradition among the Parfes, that Alexander the Great condemncd thefe one-and-twenty volumes to the flames, after having caufed them to be tranflated into Greek, and their account of what part of his

works

A.

ACACIA recommended by M.

Bodafch as proper food for cattle, and the proper foil for planting it, ii. 384

Adanfon, M. his account of the oftrich, iii. 90-the Baobab, or Calabash tree, vi. [65-69]

Etna, Mount, and the eruptions of, defcribed, vii. 96 —98—viii. 103— 106-xiv. 71-80-xxiii. 91, 92., See alfo Hamilton, fir William, on the fame fubject

Etna, the prodigious chefaut trees on, with fome other curious particulars, xvi. 114-117-obfervations with the barometer to afcertain the height of,

118-120

Aleppo, account of the plague at, vii. 102-106

Alexandria, ftate of population in 1778, xxi. [217]

Algaroba Garofero, or locuft-tree, in Spain, account of the, xviii. 92 Aloes, account of fome very remarkable, ii. 100-vi. [109]-xi. [103] Altagratia, in the province of Tucu

man, (Paraguay) remarkable inftances of longevity in, xxiii. [197] Altena, bill of mortality for, in 1762, vi. [123]

America, directions for cultivating vines in, ii. 382-384 America, the part of it contiguous to Kamtchatka defcribed, iv. 104-111 -the climate of, as diftinguished from other parts of the earth, xx. 99-103 American quadruped, rarely feen in Europe, called the long-tailed bear, defcribed, ii. 376, 377

Ammon, profeffor, on the extraordina

-vii.

and population of mankind, proved in the inhabitants of France, iv. [120]. -improvements in, 132, 13327-29-viii. [6] Air, corrupted by putrefaction, the moft fatal of all the caufes of fickness, viii. 88-90

Air, a new inflammable, which can be made without apparatus, and is as fit for explofion as any other inflammable gafes, and the process, xxiii. 111-118

Aix, account of different bones which have been difcovered within a rock near, x. 124-126

Alenfon, Normandy, great damage by a dreadful form of thunder in 1774, xvii. [151]

in December, 1738, xi. 94 Amputation, a natural, as complete as any performed by the most eminent furgeon, iii. [85, 86]

Amfterdam, bill of mortality in, for 1758, ii. 68-for 1759, ii. 134-for 1760, iii. [164] for 1761, iv. [191] -for 1762, v. [123]-for 1763, vi. [123]-for 1764, viii. [159]-for 1765, ix. [160]—for 1766, ib. [ib.]

for 1767, x. [169]-for 1768, xi. [204]-for 1771, xiv. [166]-for 1772, XV. [154]- for 1775, xviii. [193] for 1778, xxi. [217] Andrada, M. d'on the virtues of the concogna plant, iii. [69]

Animals, called mute, poffefs a diftinct

formation of voice and founds, fufficient to all the neceffary purposes of life, i. 371, 372

Animals, natural method of claffing them, with an examination of Lin

Ee

næus's

neus's method, ii. 372-376-living in ftones and folid bodies, account of, iv. 82, 83-amphibious, obfervations upon, x. 74-79-new experiments concerning the putrefaction of the juices and humours of the bodies of, 109-115

Animals, account of one which lived without air, feeding on the fubftance of a tree, and growing only as the tree grew, iv. 82

Animals, on the propagation of, and care of their offspring, xvii. 93-96

on their divifion into different races or kinds, 97 104 extraordinary inftance of maternal affection in one who was a favage, xviii. 82, 83 Animal-flower, an extraordinary, difcoveted at St. Lucia, vii. [49] Animal, a very uncommon and amphibious, defcribed, viii. [67]

Anjou, account of 1439 grains of wheat produced from one fingle grain, iii. [149]

of Gibraltar, with an inquiry into the caufe, iii. 80-87 Augfburgh, violent earthquake in 1769, xii. [126]

Aurora Borealis, the, remarks on, xvii. 82,83

Auteroche, M. l'Abbe Chappe d', fhort account of his journey into Siberia, and reflections on the climate and manners of the people of this country, vii. 89-96

Ayre, in Scotland, remarkable phænomenon of the river, in 1765, viii. [59]

Azores, the, or Western islands, an earthquake in 1764, vii. [103]

[141]-and in 1780, xxii. [297] Antrobus, mr. of Liverpool, his account of an amputation of a leg without any fubfequent hæmorrhage, v. 68, 69 Ants, the fmall, in Pennsylvania, defcribed, xiv. 99

Apocynum, or dogs-bane, ufe of, iii. [161] iv. [132]

Apple, thorn, the, found to be not poifonous, v. [106]

Aquila, in Spain, a dreadful earthquake in 1762, V. [108]

Arabia, a moft furprising hot wind which blows in, ix. 121-the ufe of locufts for food in, 123, 124 Archipelago, the great ravages by earthquakes in the islands of, in 1772, xv. [22]-xvi. [78, 79] Arnheim, remarkable inundation in1769, xii. [164]

Arran, ifland of, fome remarkable particulars of, viii. [129]

Afbeftos, the foffil, defcribed, iv, 88-ix. [10]

Ahton, Gloucestershire, remarkable circumftance of the earth moving, without any earthquake, vii. [52] Afphaltum mine, the, called the fand. pit, in the Lower Saxony, fome extraordinary phænomena in, ii. 386, 387

Aftronomy, ,ftate of, in Europe, in 1765, viii. [6, 7]

Atlantic Ocean conftantly runs into the Mediterranean, through the Straits

Bagdat almoft deftroyed by an earthquake in 1769, xii. [157]-dreadful ravages made by the plague in 1773, xvi. [132, 133] and 29, 30 Bancroft, mr. his account of the torporific eel, xii. 88-91

Banda Neira, one of the Molucca iflands, remarkable earthquake in 1763, vil. [96, 97]-eruption of the volcano in 1765, ix. [94. 111]

Baobab, or calabath tree, defcription of, vi. 65-69

Barbadoes, remarkable fluxes and refluxes of the fea in 1761, iv. [95] Barbadoes, perfons appointed to fettle the longitude of, by aftronomical obfervations, vi. [99, 100]-remarkable bad crops of fugar in 1775, xviii. [143] a dreadful hurricane in 1780, xxiii. [295-297]

Barcelona, bill of mortality in, for 1762, vi. [123]

Bark, efficacy of it in a mortification, i. 360-362

Barometer, caufes of the different height of the mercury in tubes of different fizes, inveftigated by mr. Cigua and others, in Turin, iii. [152] Baron, mr. his experiments on the evaporation of ice, iii. 91 Barrow, mrs. of Liverpoole, remarkable cafe of, in the dropfy, v. [88] Bartholine, on the hair of dead perfons, .71, 72

Bartram,