east and west 116, and rising to the height of 92 feet. In the interior of this immense building, quantities of arms are stored; and here is the room in which Sir Walter Raleigh was so long confined a prisoner. The Council-chamber: here Richard II. resigned his crown to Bolingbroke in Sept. 1399, saying, "I have been King of England, Duke of Acquitaine, and Lord of Ireland, about twenty-one years, which seigniory, royalty, crown, and heritage, I clearly resign here to my cousin Henry of Lancaster; and I desire him here in this open presence in entering of the same possession to take this sceptre ;" and so he delivered it to the Duke, who took it.

We will now enter the Beauchamp tower. Here we could linger long. In this room many illustrious captives from time to time have been confined, and on its walls have sketched their hopes and fears. Some of the inscriptions are of the most touching character, as, "My hope is in Christ;' ""Since fortune hath chosen that my hope shall go to the winds to complain, I wish the time were destroyed, my planet being ever unpropitious;" "Honour all men. Love the brotherhood. Fear God. Honour the King;" to which is added, "Hope in God." Over the fireplace is the following interesting inscription: "The more suffering for Christ in this world, the more glory with Christ in the next. Thou hast crowned him with honour and glory, O Lord! In memory everlasting he will be just." This is signed "Arundel, June 22, 1587." The unfortunate nobleman who left this interesting inscription, was Philip Howard, son of Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, who was beheaded for aspiring to marry Mary Queen of Scots. We could readily fill many pages with these quotations, revealing the afflictions of the wretched prisoners incarcerated within these gloomy walls, often for no offence at all. We will add only one more. It runs thus: "O Lord whic art in heaven, King, grawnt gras and life everlasting to Miagh, thy servant in prison, alone with Thomas

Miagh." Of this unfortunate person the following interest

ing account is given by Mr. Jardine in his valuable treatise on the use of torture in the criminal law of England: "Thomas Myagh was an Irishman, who was brought over by the command of the Lord Deputy of Ireland, to be examined respecting a treasonable correspondence with the rebels in arms in that country. The first warrant for the torture of this man was probably under the sign manual, as there is no entry of it in the council register. The two reports made by the Lieutenant to the Tower and Dr. Hammond, respecting the execution of this warrant, are however, to be seen at the State Paper Office. The first of these, which is dated the 10th March, 1580-1, states that they had twice examined Myagh, but had forborne to put him in Skevington's Irons, because they had been charged to examine him with secrecy, which they could not do, that manner of dealing required the presence and aid of one of the jailors all the time that he should be in those irons, and also because they found the man so resolute, as in their opinions little would be wrung out of him but by some sharper torture. The second report, which is dated the 17th March, 1580, merely states that they had again examined Myagh and could get nothing from him; notwithstanding that they had made trial of him by the torture of Skevington's Irons, and with so much sharpness as was in their judgment for the man and his cause convenient. How often Myagh was tortured does not appear, but Skevington's Irons seem to have been a mild torture, for on the 30th of July, 1581, there is an entry in the council books of an authority to the Lieutenant of the Tower and Thomas Morton, to deal with him with the rack, in such sort as they should see cause." As no further entry is made, neither any account given of this person by our historians, so it is not possible to state for what length of time his confinement continued, or whether it was ended by liberty or death.

The Jewel Office. In this place the coronation jewels are kept. Here are the Queen's crown, the crown of the

Prince of Wales, &c., &c., valued at three millions and a half of pounds. The whole is covered by a glass screen in the centre of the building, over which is a strong open framework that, without interfering with the view, effectually protects the valuable contents.

The Horse Armoury is principally occupied by a row of mounted figures, intended for the display of complete suits of armour,

We must now stop in our perambulations, as our space is fully occupied; only allow us to make a reflection or two. This old fortress reminds us

1. That the name of the Lord is a strong tower. All who take shelter here are safe.

2. In heaven there are richer regalia than are even in the Jewel tower; and the meanest follower of Christ will wear these.

3. The days of oppression and blood and torture for State purposes are passed, and passed for ever. The block and axe, the boot and thumb-screw, and other instruments of cruelty seen here, tell of dark days, but the darkness has receded no more to return. EDITOR.

SKETCHES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1789.

(Continued from page 8.)

In our last we saw the dethronement of the King, and his taking refuge in the bosom of the Assembly. After this event, which dislocated the whole social and political framework of France, anarchy of the wildest description became dominant. Liberty, life, and property were alike insecure. On the 11th of August, the day after the deposition of Louis, Paris seemed mad with joy. All the emblems of

38

Sketches of the French Revolution of 1789.

royalty were thrown down. All the churches and many private houses were stripped of their valuables, and the most precious relics of antiquity were consigned to destruction.

The poor King and his family for fifteen hours were shut up in a narrow seat that had been their asylum from the ferocity of the multitude. The Dauphin at last fell into a profound sleep in his mother's arms. The Princess Royal and Madame Elizabeth, weeping profusely, sat one on each side of the Queen. The King is described as being tranquil throughout this trying scene. At one o'clock on the following morning the royal captives were removed to the building of the Feuillants. When alone Louis thus prayed: "Thy trials, O God, are dreadful! give us courage to bear them. We adore the hand which chastens, as that which has so often blessed us. Have mercy on those who have died fighting in our defence!" Many faithful royalists, at the hazard of everything, visited the King and his family on the next day, but could afford no help, only that which flows from sympathy. In their prison the august captives were reduced to the lowest poverty. They had been robbed of their all. The wife of the English ambassador supplied the Dauphin with a change of linen, and the Queen had to borrow money from one of the ladies of her bedchamber, and she slept on a wretched mattress.

On the 13th they were removed to the Temple. As the melancholy procession passed through the streets many tears were shed. At certain places in the route, the sad cortege was made to halt, that the royal family might see in the demolition of statues, etc., the progress the revolution had made.

"Paris rules France." All the departments followed the example of the capital. But Lafayette received the intelligence in a different spirit. He was with his army at Sedan at this time. Awaking, but alas! too late, from his elysian dreams, he issued the following spirited address: "Soldiers! Citizens! The constitution which you have

sworn to defend is no more. The Marseillais and a factious band have besieged the chateau of the Tuileries; the national guard and the Swiss made a vigorous resistance, but failing in ammunition, they have been forced to surrender. The Swiss have been massacred. The King, the Queen, and all the royal family have taken refuge in the National Assembly. The rioters followed there, holding the sword in one hand and flames in the other, and have compelled the Assembly to decree the suspension of the King, which it did to save his life. Citizens, you have no longer representatives! The National Assembly is enslaved! Your armies are without their head! Pétion reigns! The savage Danton and his satellites are masters. Choose, then, soldiers! Do you wish to establish the hereditary throne, or do you wish Pétion for a king? The officers and soldiers after this spirited harangue partook of the indignation of their chief, renewed the oath of fidelity to the throne, and the municipal authorities of Sedan, sharing in the common feeling, threw three of the commissioners sent down by the National Assembly into prison. This generous sentiment was only a flash, it passed away without effecting anything in favour of the King, and the military chief who had evoked it was obliged to fly. Hoping to get to the United States, he was arrested on the frontier by the Austrians, and confined for years in one of their dungeons. To this captivity he owed his life.

Robespierre, and other wretches like himself, called in unmistakable language for vengeance on the friends of royalty. In our next chapter we shall see the institution of the Revolutionary Tribunal, one of the most fearful engines ever constructed by the wickedness and ingenuity of man.