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ALB.

That's but a trifle here.

6

You lords, and noble friends, know our intent.
What comfort to this great decay may come,
Shall be applied: For us, we will resign,
During the life of this old majesty,

To him our absolute power :-You, to your rights;
[To EDGAR and KENT.
With boot, and such addition as your honours
Have more than merited.'-All friends shall taste
The wages of their virtue, and all foes

The cup of the deservings.-O, see, see!

LEAR. And my poor fool is hang'd! No, no, no life:

What comfort to this great decay may come,] This great decay is Lear, whom Shakspeare poetically calls so, and means the same as if he had said, this piece of decay'd royalty, this ruin'd majesty. STEEVENS.

A preceding passage in which Gloster laments Lear's frenzy, fully supports Mr. Steevens's interpretation:

"O ruin'd piece of nature! This great world

"Shall so wear out to nought."

Again, in Julius Cæsar:

"Thou art the ruins of the noblest man," &c.

7 You, to your rights;

With boot, and such addition as your honours

MALONE.

Have more than merited.] These lines are addressed to Kent as well as to Edgar, else the word honours would not have been in the plural number. By honours is meant honourable conduct. M. MASON.

With boot,] With advantage, with increase. JOHNSON.

And my poor fool is hang'd!] This is an expression of tenderness for his dead Cordelia (not his fool, as some have thought) on whose lips he is still intent, and dies away while he is searching there for indications of life.

Poor fool, in the age of Shakspeare, was an expression of endearment. So, in his Antony and Cleopatra:

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poor venomous fool, "Be angry and despatch."

Why should a dog, a horse, a rat, have life,

Again, in King Henry VI. P. III:

"So many weeks ere the poor fools will

Again, in Romeo and Juliet:

yean."

"And, pretty fool, it stinted and said—ay." Again, in The Two Gentlemen of Verona, where Julia is speaking of her lover Proteus:

"Alas, poor fool! why do I pity him?"

I may add, that the Fool of Lear was long ago forgotten. Having filled the space allotted him in the arrangement of the play, he appears to have been silently withdrawn in the 6th scene of the 3d Act. That the thoughts of a father, in the bitterest of all moments, while his favourite child lay dead in his arms, should recur to the antick who had formerly diverted him, has somewhat in it that I cannot reconcile to the idea of genuine sorrow and despair.

Besides this, Cordelia was recently hanged; but we know not that the Fool had suffered in the same manner, nor can imagine why he should. The party adverse to Lear was little interested in the fate of his jester. The only use of him was to contrast and alleviate the sorrows of his master; and, that purpose being fully answered, the poet's solicitude about him was at an end.

The term-poor fool might indeed have misbecome the mouth of a vassal commiserating the untimely end of a princess, but has no impropriety when used by a weak, old, distracted king, in whose mind the distinctions of nature only survive, while he is uttering his last frantick exclamations over a murdered daughter.

Should the foregoing remark, however, be thought erroneous, the reader will forgive it, as it serves to introduce some contradictory observations from a critick, in whose taste and judgment too much confidence cannot easily be placed. STEEVENS.

I confess, I am one of those who have thought that Lear means his Fool, and not Cordelia. If he means Cordelia, then what I have always considered as a beauty, is of the same kind as the accidental stroke of the pencil that produced the foam.Lear's affectionate remembrance of the Fool in this place, I used to think, was one of those strokes of genius, or of nature, which are so often found in Shakspeare, and in him only.

Lear appears to have a particular affection for this Fool, whose fidelity in attending him, and endeavouring to divert him in his distress, seems to deserve all his kindness.

Poor fool and knave, says he, in the midst of the thunderstorm, I have one part in my heart that's sorry yet for thee.

And thou no breath at all? O, thou wilt come no

more,

It does not, therefore, appear to me, to be allowing too much consequence to the Fool, in making Lear bestow a thought on him, even when in still greater distress. Lear is represented as a good-natured, passionate, and rather weak old man; it is the old age of a cockered spoilt boy. There is no impropriety in giving to such a character those tender domestick affections, which would ill become a more heroick character, such as Othello, Macbeth, or Richard III.

The words-No, no, no life; I suppose to be spoken, not tenderly, but with passion: Let nothing now live;-let there be universal destruction;-Why should a dog, a horse, a rat, have life, and thou no breath at all?

It may be observed, that as there was a necessity, the necessity of propriety at least, that this Fool, the favourite of the author, of Lear, and consequently of the audience, should not be lost or forgot, it ought to be known what became of him.However, it must be acknowledged, that we cannot infer much from thence; Shakspeare is not always attentive to finish the figures of his groups.

I have only to add, that if an actor, by adopting the interpretation mentioned above, of applying the words poor fool to Cordelia, the audience would, I should imagine, think it a strange mode of expressing the grief and affection of a father for his dead daughter, and that daughter a queen.-The words poor fool, are undoubtedly expressive of endearment; and Shakspeare himself, in another place speaking of a dying animal, calls it poor dappled fool: but it never is, nor never can be, used with any degree of propriety, but to commiserate some very inferior object, which may be loved, without much esteem or respect. SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS.

It is not without some reluctance that I express my dissent from the friend whose name is subscribed to the preceding note; whose observations on all subjects of criticism and taste are so ingenious and just, that posterity may be at a loss to determine, whether his consummate skill and execution in his own art, or his judgment on that and other kindred arts, were superior. But magis amica veritas should be the motto of every editor of Shakspeare; in conformity to which I must add, that I have not the smallest doubt that Mr. Steevens's interpretation of these words is the true one. The passage indeed before us appears to me so clear, and so inapplicable to any person but Cordelia, that I fear the reader may think any further comment on it altogether superfluous.

Never, never, never, never, never!—

It is observable that Lear from the time of his entrance in this scene to his uttering these words, and from thence to his death, is wholly occupied by the loss of his daughter. He is diverted indeed from it for a moment by the intrusion of Kent, who forces himself on his notice; but he instantly returns to his beloved Cordelia, over whose dead body he continues to hang. He is now himself in the agony of death; and surely, at such a time, when his heart is just breaking, it would be highly unnatural that he should think of his Fool. But the great and decisive objection to such a supposition is that which Mr. Steevens has mentioned that Lear has just seen his daughter hanged, having unfortunately been admitted too late to preserve her life, though time enough to punish the perpetrator of the act: but we have no authority whatsoever for supposing his Fool hanged also.

Whether the expression-poor fool-can be applied with propriety only to inferior objects, for whom we have not much respect or esteem, is not, I conceive, the question. Shakspeare does not always use his terms with strict propriety, but he is always the best commentator on himself, and he certainly has applied this term in another place to the young, the beautiful, and innocent, Adonis, the object of somewhat more than the esteem of a goddess:

"For pity now she can no more detain him; "The poor fool prays her that he may depart." Again, though less appositely, in Twelfth Night: "Alas, poor fool, how have they baffled thee!" Again, in Much Ado about Nothing:

"Lady, you have a merry

heart.

"Beat. Yes, my lord, I thank it, poor fool, it keeps on the windy side of care."

Again, in The Winter's Tale:

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Do not weep, good fools,

"There is no cause.'

In Romeo and Juliet a similar term of endearment is employed. Mercutio, speaking of Romeo, whom certainly he both esteemed and loved, says—

"The ape is dead, and I must conjure him."

Nor was the phraseology, which has occasioned this long note, peculiar to Shakspeare. It was long before his time incorporated in our language; as appears from the following passage in the old poem entitled The History of Romeus and Juliet, 1562:

"Yea, he forgets himself, he is the wretch so bolde

"To ask her name that without force doth him in bondage hold;

Pray you, undo this button: Thank you, sir.Do you see this?1 Look on her,-look,-her lips,— Look there, look there!—

EDG.

[He dies. He faints! My lord, my lord,— KENT. Break heart; I pr'ythee, break !2

3

EDG.
Look up, my lord.
KENT. Vex not his ghost: O, let him pass!"
he hates him,

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"Ne how to unloose his bondes doth the poor foole devise, "But only seeketh by her sight to feed his hungry eyes.' In old English a fool and an innocent were synonymous terms. Hence probably the peculiar use of the expression-poor fool. In the passage before us, Lear, I conceive, means by it, dear, tender, helpless innocence! MALONE.

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Pray you,

undo this button:] The Rev. Dr. J. Warton judiciously observes, that the swelling and heaving of the heart is described by this most expressive circumstance.

So, in The Honest Lawyer, 1616:

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oh my heart!

"It beats so it has broke

Again, in King Richard III:

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Ah, cut my lace asunder,

"That my pent heart may have some scope to beat,
"Or else I swoon with this dead-killing news!"

Again, in The Winter's Tale:

"O, cut my lace; lest my heart, cracking it,

"Break too!"

and, as Mr. Malone adds, from N. Field's A Woman's a Weathercock, 1612:

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swell heart! buttons fly open!

"Thanks gentle doublet, else my heart had broke."

STEEVENS.

1 Do you see this? &c.] This line and the following hemistich, are not in the quartos. After thank you sir, they have only the interjection O, five times repeated. MALONE.

2

Break, heart; &c.] This line is in the quartos given to the dying Lear. MALONE.

3

O, let him pass!] See p. 537, n. 1. MALONE.

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