A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial ChinaUniversity of California Press, 22 thg 3, 2000 - 847 trang In this multidimensional analysis, Benjamin A. Elman uses over a thousand newly available examination records from the Yuan, Ming, and Ch'ing dynasties, 1315-1904, to explore the social, political, and cultural dimensions of the civil examination system, one of the most important institutions in Chinese history. For over five hundred years, the most important positions within the dynastic government were usually filled through these difficult examinations, and every other year some one to two million people from all levels of society attempted them. Covering the late imperial system from its inception to its demise, Elman revises our previous understanding of how the system actually worked, including its political and cultural machinery, the unforeseen consequences when it was unceremoniously scrapped by modernist reformers, and its long-term historical legacy. He argues that the Ming-Ch'ing civil examinations from 1370 to 1904 represented a substantial break with T'ang-Sung dynasty literary examinations from 650 to 1250. Late imperial examinations also made "Tao Learning," Neo-Confucian learning, the dynastic orthodoxy in official life and in literati culture. The intersections between elite social life, popular culture, and religion that are also considered reveal the full scope of the examination process throughout the late empire. |
Nội dung
Rethinking the Historical Roots | 1 |
Institutional Dynamics and Mobilization of Elites | 125 |
of Late Imperial Civil Examinations | 239 |
Emotional Anxiety Dreams of Success | 295 |
The Cultural Scope of Civil Examinations | 371 |
Natural Studies History and Han Learning | 460 |
IO Acceleration of Curricular Reform | 521 |
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Thuật ngữ và cụm từ thông dụng
Annals became Bookstore century Ch'en Ch'eng-Chu Ch'ien-lung Ch'ing dynasty Ch'ing-tai Chang Chapter Che-chiang Chiang-hsi Chiang-nan chiao-yü chih Chih-i Chin chin-shih degrees Chinese Chu Hsi chü-jen chuang-yuan civil examinations classical essay Commercial Press compiled Confucian Confucius court cultural degree-holders discourse dream dynastic schools early Ch'ing early Ming edition eight-legged essay elites emperor examination essays examination system Five Classics Four Books Fu-chien graduates Han Chinese Hanlin Academy Ho-nan hsiang-shih lu Huang Huang-Ming Hui-shih lu Ibid Jurchen Late Imperial China late Ming licentiates literati Manchu Mencius metropolitan examination military Ming and Ch'ing Ming dynasty Ming-Ch'ing Mongol moral Neo-Confucian officials optimus orthodoxy palace examination Peking poetry policy answer policy questions political prefecture provincial and metropolitan provincial examination quotas rank records reform reign ruler scholars selection session Shan-tung Shanghai shih Shun-t'ien social Southern Sung studies T'ang Taipei Taiping Tao Learning Tao-hsuch tion University Press Wang Yuan Yuan dynasty Yung-lo