the beginning of April they thought proper to relinquish the enterprise. The earl of Loudon had retired into Sutherland, and taken post at Dornoch, where his quarters were beat up by a strong detachment of the rebels, commanded by the duke of Perth: a major and sixty men were taken prisoners; and the earl was obliged to take shelter in the isle of Skye. These little checks were counterbalanced by some advantages which his majesty's arms obtained. The sloop of war which the rebels had surprised at Montrose was retaken in Sutherland, with a considerable sum of money, and a great quantity of arms on board, which she had brought from France for the use of the pretender. In the same county, the earl of Cromartie fell into an ambuscade, and was taken by the militia of Sutherland, who likewise defeated a body of the rebels at Goldspie. This action happened on the very day which has been rendered famous by the victory obtained at Culloden.

CHAP. IX.

§ I. The Rebels are totally defeated at Culloden-§ II. The duke of Cumberland takes possession of Inverness, and afterward encamps at Fort Augustus- III. The prince-pretender escapes to France-§ IV. Convulsion in the ministry-§ V. Liberality of the commons-§ VI. Trial of the rebels. Kilmarnock, Balmerino, Lovat, and Mr. Ratcliffe, are beheaded on Tower-hill-§ VII. The states-general alarmed at the progress of the French in the Netherlands-§ VIII. Count Saxe subdues all Flanders, Brabant, and Hainault-§ IX. Reduces the strong fortress of Namur, and defeats the allied army at Raucoux-§ X. The French and Spaniards are compelled to abandon Piedmont and the Milanese - XI. Don Philip is worsted at Codogno, and afterward at Porto Freddo XII. The Austrians take possession of Genoa. Count Brown penetrates into Provence-§ XIII. The Genoese expel the Austrians from their city-§ XIV. Madras in the East Indies taken by the French- XV. Expedition to the coast of Bretagne, and attempt upon Port L'Orient-§ XVI. Naval transactions in the West Indies. Conferences at Breda-§ XVII. Vast supplies granted by the commons of England-§ XVIII. Parliament dissolved-§ XIX. The French and allies take the field in Flanders—§ XX. Prince of Orange elected

stadtholder, captain-general, and admiral of the United Provinces§ XXI. The confederates defeated at Laffeldt-§ XXII. Siege, of Bergen-op-Zoom-§ XXIII. The Austrians undertake the siege of Genoa, which, however, they abandon-§ XXIV. The chevalier de Belleisle slain in the attack of Exilles-§ XXV. A French squadron defeated and taken by the admirals Anson and Warren-§ XXVI. Admiral Hawke obtains another victory over the French at sea--§ XXVII. Other naval transactions§ XXVIII. Congress at Aix-laChapelle-§ XXIX. Compliant temper of the new parliament. Preliminaries signed-§ XXX, Preparations for the campaign in the Netherlands-§ XXXI. Siege of Maestricht. Cessation of arms

§ XXXII. Transactions in the East and West Indies§ XXXIII. Conclusion of the definitive treaty at Aix-la-Chapelle.

§ I. In the beginning of April, the duke of Cumberland began his march from Aberdeen, and on the 12th passed the deep and rapid river Spey, without opposition from the rebels, though a detachment of them appeared on the opposite side. Why they did not dispute the passage is not easy to be conceived: but, indeed, from this instance of neglect, and their subsequent conduct, we may conclude they were under a total infatuation. His royal highness proceeded to Nairn, where he received intelligence, that the enemy had advanced from Inverness to Culloden, about the distance of nine miles from the royal army, with intention to give him battle. The design of Charles was to march in the night from Culloden and surprise the duke's army at day-break: for this purpose the English camp had been reconnoitred; and on the night of the 15th the Highland army began to march in two columns. Their design was to surround the enemy, and attack them at once on all quarters but the length of the columns embarrassed the march, so that the army was obliged to make many halts the men had been under arms during the whole preceding night, were faint with hunger and fatigue, and many of them overpowered with sleep. Some were unable to proceed; others dropped off unperceived in the dark; and the march was retarded in such a manner, that it would have been impossible to reach the duke's camp before sunrise. The design being thus frustrated,

the prince-pretender was with great reluctance prevailed upon by his general officers to measure back his way to Culloden; at which place he had no sooner arrived, than great numbers of his followers dispersed in quest of provision; and many, overcome with weariness and sleep, threw themselves down on the heath, and along the park walls. Their repose, however, was soon interrupted in a very disagreeable manner. Their prince receiving intelligence that his enemies were in full march to attack him, resolved to hazard an engagement, and ordered his troops to be formed for that purpose. On the 16th day of April, the duke of Cumberland having made the proper dispositions, decamped from Nairn early in the morning, and, after a march of nine miles, perceived the Highlanders drawn up in order of battle, to the number of four thousand men, in thirteen divisions, supplied with some pieces of artillery. The royal army, which was much more numerous, the duke immediately formed into three lines, disposed in excellent order and about one o'clock in the afternoon the cannonading began. The artillery of the rebels was ill served, and did very little execution; but that of the king's troops made dreadful havoc among the enemy. Impatient of this fire, their front line advanced to the attack, and above five hundred of the clans charged the duke's left wing with their usual impetuosity. One regiment was disordered by the weight of this column: but two battalions advancing from the second line, sustained the first, and soon put a stop to their career, by a severe fire, that killed a great number. At the same time, the dragoons under Hawley and the Argyleshire militia pulled down a park wall that covered their right flank, and the cavalry falling in among the rebels sword in hand, completed their confusion. The French picquet on their left, covered the retreat of the Highlanders by a close and regular fire; and then retired to Inverness, where they surrendered themselves prisoners

of war. An entire body of the rebels marched off the field in order, with their pipes playing, and the pretender's standard displayed; the rest were routed with great slaughter; and their prince was with reluctance prevailed upon to retire. In less than thirty minutes they were totally defeated, and the field covered with the slain. The road, as far as Inverness, was strewed with dead bodies; and a great number of people, who, from motives of curiosity, had come to see the battle, were sacrificed to the undistinguished vengeance of the victors. Twelve hundred rebels were slain or wounded on the field, and in the pursuit. The earl of Kilmarnock was taken; and in a few days lord Balmerino surrendered to a country gentleman, at whose house he presented himself for this purpose. The glory of the victory was sullied by the barbarity of the soldiers. They had been provoked by their former disgraces to the most savage thirst of revenge. Not contented with the blood which was so profusely shed in the heat of action, they traversed the field after the battle, and massacred those miserable wretches who lay maimed and expiring: nay, some officers acted a part in this cruel scene of assassination, the triumph of low illiberal minds, uninspired by sentiment, untinctured by humanity. The vanquished adventurer rode off the field, accompanied by the duke of Perth, lord Elcho, and a few horsemen ; he crossed the water of Nairn, and retired to the house of a gentleman in Struttharick, where he conferred with old lord Lovat; then he dismissed his followers, and wandered about, a wretched and solitary fugitive, among the isles and mountains, for the space of five months, during which he underwent such a series of dangers, hardships, and misery, as no other person ever outlived.

Thus, in one short hour all his hope vanished, and the rebellion was entirely extinguished. One would almost imagine, the conductors of this desperate enter

prise had conspired their own destruction, as they certainly neglected every step that might have contributed to their safety or success. They might have opposed the duke of Cumberland at the passage of the Spey; they might, by proper conduct, have afterward attacked his camp in the night, with a good prospect of success. As they were greatly inferior to him in number, and weakened with hunger and fatigue, they might have retired to the hills and fastnesses, where they would have found plenty of live cattle for provision, recruited their regiments, and been joined by a strong reinforcement, which was actually in full march to their assistance. But they were distracted by dissensions and jealousies: they obeyed the dictates of despair, and wilfully devoted themselves to ruin and death. When the news of the battle arrived in England, the nation was transported with joy, and extolled the duke of Cumberland as a hero and deliverer. Both houses of parliament congratulated his majesty on the auspicious event. They decreed, in the most solemn manner, their public thanks to his royal highness, which were transmitted to him by the speakers; and the commons, by bill, added 25,000l. per annum to his former revenue.

§ II. Immediately after the decisive action at Culloden, the duke took possession of Inverness, where six-and-thirty deserters, convicted by a court-martial, were ordered to be executed: then he detached several parties to ravage the country. One of these apprehended the lady Mackintosh, who was sent prisoner to Inverness. They did not plunder her house, but drove away her cattle, though her husband was actually in the service of government. The castle of lord Lovat was destroyed. The French prisoners were sent to Carlisle and Penrith Kilmarnock, Balmerino, Cromartie, and his son the lord Macleod, were conveyed by sea to London; and those of an inferior rank were confined in dif