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CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER.
THE FABULOUS HISTORIANS................................................
CHAPTER I.
THE BRITONS AND THE ROMANS.
Imperfection of early Accounts of Great Britain-Smallness of the Popu-
lation-Their Divisions-Surface of the Country-Druidical Circles—
Arms and Fortifications-Native Money-Religion-Julius Cæsar-
Cassivellaunus-Caractacus-Boadicea-Julius Agricola-Galgacus- -
The Roman Walls-British Independence, Carausius-Ambrosius and
Vortigern-Roman Relics in Britain-Progress in Civilisation—Intro-
duction of Christianity.....
5
CHAPTER II.
ENGLAND FROM THE SAXON INVASION TO THE END OF THE
HEPTARCHY, 449-825.
Origin of the Saxon Tribes-Their Character and Habits-First Appear-
ance in Britain-Saxon Heptarchy-The Bretwalda-Saxon Religion
and Mythology-Thor-Mission of Augustine-Rapid Progress of Chris-
tianity among the Saxons-Internal Wars-End of the Heptarchy... 17
CHAPTER III.
FROM THE END OF THE HEPTARCHY TO THE DEATH OF ALFRED,
A. D. 825-901.
Egbert, king of England-First Danish Invasions-Description of the
Danes-Battle of Hengsdown Hill-Ethelwulf's and Ethelred's Con-
flicts with the Danes-Alfred the Great-His early Perils-Retreat in
the Island of Athelney-Destruction of the Danish Army-Hasting's
Incursions-State of Learning and Religion at Alfred's Accession-
Eminent Scholars at his Court-His Literary Works-Political and So-
cial Arrangements-Trial by Jury......
23
CHAPTER IV.
FROM THE DEATH of Alfred TO CANUTE'S INVASION, A. D. 901-1016.
Ethelwald-Dunstan and Odo-Edgar the Pacific-Peculiarities of the
Anglo-Saxon Church-Edward the Martyr-Danish Invasions under
Sweyn-Dane-geld-Massacre of Saint Brice-Sweyn's Revenge—
Thurkill the Dane-Ethelred and Sweyn-Saxon Trade and Exports...30
CHAPTER V.
FROM THE ACCESSION OF CANUTE TO THE NORMAN CONQUEST,
A. D. 1016-1066.
Canute-Danish Emigration-Anglo-Danish Code-Canute's Pilgrimage
to Rome-Harold and Hardicanute-Edward the Confessor-Norman
Influence at the Court-Rebellion of Earl Godwin-Rise of Harold's
Power-Harold-Defeat of the Norwegian Invaders-William, duke of
Normandy-Battle of Hastings-Condition of England-Learning and
Literature-Manners and Customs of the Anglo-Saxons-Commerce and
Manufactures........
38
CHAPTER VI.
• EARLY HISTORY OF SCOTLAND.
Strathclyde Britons-The Highlands-The Picts and Scots-England and
Scotland before the Norman Conquest-Diffusion of the Saxon Race
through Scotland-The Danes-Macbeth-Conversion of Scotland to
Christianity-St Columba..........
.54
CHAPTER VII.
EARLY HISTORY OF IRELAND.
Antiquity of the Irish Race-Ossian-Christianity introduced-Saint
Patrick-Primitive Irish Church-Learning-John Scotus-Danish
Invasions-Brian Boru-Malachi of the Golden Collar............ .....59
..........
CHAPTER VIII.
THE DIFFERENT RACES AND THEIR LANGUAGES.
Early Inhabitants of the British Isles-Celts and Goths-Antiquity of the
English Language-Various Dialects of Great Britain-Norman French
-Greek and Latin-Saxon-Saxon Names of Persons and Places---
Celtic Names-Superiority of the Gothic over the Celtic Race...........64
CHAPTER IX.
ENGLAND DURING THE REIGN OF WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR,
A. D. 1066-1087.
William the Conqueror-Submission of London-Norman Spoliation-Re-
wards bestowed on the Conquerors-Saxon Revolt under Earl Morcar
-Hereward the Saxon-Death of William I.-Domesday-book-The
Forest Laws-The Church.....
CHAPTER X.
Page 71
FROM THE ACCESSION OF WILLIAM RUFUS TO THE DEATH OF STEPHEN,
A. D. 1087-1154.
William Rufus-Rebellion of Odo-Revolt of Northumbria-The New
Forest-Henry I.-Robert Duke of Normandy-The Count of Breteuil
-Death of Prince William-State of Learning and the Church-Arts
and Manufactures-Stephen-Battle of the Standard-Matilda's Inva-
sion-Treaty of Winchester......
CHAPTER XI.
FROM THE ACCESSION OF HENRY II. TO THE DEATH OF JOHN,
A. D. 1154-1216.
78
Henry II.-Thomas à Bęcket-Differences with the Clergy-Council of
Clarendon-Murder of Becket-Conquest of Ireland-Laws of Inheri-
tance-Condition of the Church-Civil and Political State of Ireland-
Strongbow's Expedition-Henry recognised Lord-paramount-Commerce
and Trade of England-Richard I.-Persecution of the Jews-The
Crusades-Taking of Acre-Richard's Captivity-Prince John's Rebel-
lion-Condition of England-Robin Hood-John-Prince Arthur's
Murder-War with France-Dispute with the Pope-The Great Charter
-Louis of France-Death of John-Commerce and Arts-Learning and
Education..........
CHAPTER XII.
ENGLAND FROM THE ACCESSION OF HENRY III. TO THE DEATH OF
EDWARD II., A. D. 1216—1327.
Henry III.-Prince Louis returns to France-Rivalry of Peter des Roches
and Hubert de Burgh-Parliament refuses Supplies-Solemn Confirma-
tion of the Great Charter-Mad Parliament-Representative System-
The Three Estates-Battle of Evesham-Edward I.-Attempt on his Life
at Jaffa-Invasion of Wales-Scottish and French Wars-Oppressions of
the Jews-Edward II.-Piers de Gaveston-The Ordainers-Gaveston's
Execution-Unsuccessful War in Scotland-Progress of Edward Bruce
in Ireland-Hugh Despenser-The Fate of Lancaster-Coalition against
Edward-Death of the Despensers-Murder of the King at Berkeley
Castle....
......
111
CHAPTER XIII.
SCOTLAND FROM THE ARRIVAL OF THE NCRMANS TO THE END OF THE
WAR OF INDEPENDENCE, A. D. 1066-1314.
Kingdom of Scotland-Homage-Malcolm III.-William the Lion-Alex-
ander III.-The Invasion of Haco-Battle of Largs-The Maiden of
Norway-Disputes on the Succession to the Crown-Baliol and Bruce-
Relations between People of England and Scotland-Norman Aristocracy
-Baliol asserts his Independence-William Wallace-The Defeat at Fal-
kirk-Robert Bruce-Victory of Bannockburn-Effect of this unnatural
War........................ Page 124
CHAPTER XIV.
ENGLAND FROM THE ACCESSION OF EDWARD III. TO THE DEATH OF
RICHARD II., A. D. 1327-1399.
Edward III.-Execution of Mortimer-Battle of Halidon Hill-Disputes
on the Succession to the French Crown-James von Artaveldt and the
Flemish Revolt-Victories of Crecy and of Neville's Cross-The Black
Prince-Victory of Poitiers-Reforms-Purveyance-Constitution of
Parliament-Exactions of the Papal See-Wickliffe-The Black Plague
-State of Society-Sumptuary Laws-Richard II.-Capitation Tax-
Wat Tiler's Insurrection-War with Scotland-The Wonderful Parlia-
ment-Battle of Otterburn-State of Ireland-Deposition of the King-
Parliamentary Resistance against the Pope-Statute of Præmunire....136
CHAPTER XV.
THE DYNASTY OF LANCASTER, A. D. 1399-1461.
Henry IV.-Origin of the House of York-War with Scotland-Revolt of
the Percys-War with France-Parliament-The Lollards-Martyrdom
of Sawtre and Thorpe-Henry V.-Lord Cobham-Invasion of France-
Battle of Agincourt-Treaty of Troyes-Ecclesiastical History-Peculiar
Religious Observances-Description of the English Clergy-Henry VI.
-Battle of Crevant-Siege of Orleans-Joan of Arc-Jack Cade-Duke
of York made Protector-Wars of the Roses-Battle of St Alban's-
Warwick the Kingmaker-Battles of Wakefield and Barnet............158
CHAPTER XVI.
THE DYNASTY of York, a. D. 1461-1485.
Edward IV.-Battle of Towton-Queen Margaret-Punishment of Sir Ralph
Gray-Marriage with Elizabeth Woodville-Captivity and Escape of the
King-Restoration of Henry-Battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury-War
with France-Treaty of Pecquigny-Murder of the Duke of Clarence-
Edward V.-Regency of Gloucester-Execution of Hastings-Sermon at
Paul's Cross-Richard III.-Murder of the Royal Princes-Insurrection
against the Usurper-Battle of Bosworth-Progress of the People-
Importance of English Commerce-Foreign Trade of Scotland and Ire-
land
...181
...........
CHAPTER XVII.
FROM THE ACCESSION OF THE TUDOR DYNASTY TO THE DEATH OF
HENRY VIII., A. D. 1485-1547.
Henry VII.-Irish Rebellion-Lambert Simnel-Perkin Warbeck-Exe-
cution of Lord Stanley-Warbeck in Scotland-His Landing in Cornwall
-Earl of Warwick beheaded-Marriage of Prince Arthur-Henry's ma-
trimonial Projects-Policy of his Government-Voyages of Discovery-
Extortions of Dudley and Empson-Henry VIII.-War with France-
Battle of the Spurs-Flodden-Cardinal Wolsey-Field of the Cloth of
Gold-Henry named Defender of the Faith-War with France-Op-
pressive Taxation-The King's matrimonial Scruples-Fall of Wolsey
-Cranmer and Cromwell-Severance from Rome-Divorce and Marriage
with Anne Boleyn-The Holy Maid of Kent-Papal Bull-Execution
of Anne Boleyn-Henry marries Jane Seymour-Religious Changes-
Translation of the Bible-Aske's Rebellion-Confiscation of Church Pro-
perty-The Pole Family-The Bloody Statute-Anne of Cleves-Fate
of Catherine Howard-Wales united to England-Irish Insurrection-
Catherine Parr-Capture of Boulogne-Henry's Financial Schemes-
Execution of the Earl of Surrey..
CHAPTER XVIII.
.Page 196
SCOTLAND FROM THE RESTORATION OF INDEPENDENCE TO THE DEATH OF
JAMES V., 1329-1542.
King Robert Bruce-Scottish Independence-Douglas and the King's
Heart-David II.-The Stewart Race-The Duke of Rothesay-Battle
of Harlaw-The Foul Raid-Death of the Regent Albany-James I.—
Legislative Reforms-Rebellion of the Lord of the Isles-Murder of the
King James II.-Turbulence of the Douglases-Overthrow of the
Livingston Faction-Siege of Roxburgh-James III.-War with Eng-
land-Conspiracy of the great Barons at Lauder-Archibald Bell-the-Cat
-Civil War-Murder of the King James IV.-Perkin Warbeck at
the Scottish Court-Battle of Flodden-James V.-Albany made Re-
gent-Hostile Factions and English Intrigues-The Douglas Family
banished-Meeting of the Army-Death of the King..
CHAPTER XIX.
ENGLAND FROM THE ACCESSION OF EDWARD VI. TO THE DEATH OF
MARY, A. D. 1547-1588.
.223
Edward VI.-The Protector Somerset-Ecclesiastical Commission of In-
quiry-Reforms in Religion-Condition of the Poor-Mendicity Act-
Agrarian Insurrection-Intrigues of Warwick and Execution of Somerset
-Romanist Bishops ejected from their Sees-Northumberland's ambi-
tious Schemes-Mary-Lady Jane Grey-Restoration of the Romish Wor-
ship-Marriage with Philip of Spain-Insurrections against the Mar-
riage-Execution of Lady Jane Grey-Reconciliation with the Papal See
-Character of Bishop Gardiner-Persecutions-Loss of Calais-England
under Mary
..238