to shake them. The earl of Gloudefter, indeed, who had been fo inftrumental in restoring the king to the crown, thought that no recompence could equal his merits. He therefore engaged once more in open rebellion; but was foon brought to fubmiffion by the prince, who obliged him to enter into a bond of twenty thousand marks, never to enter into fimilar fchemes for the future. The kingdom being thus tolerably compofed, that spirit of adventure and ardour for military glory, which fhone forth in all this prince's actions, now impelled him to undertake the expedition against the infidels in the Holy Land. The crufade was at that time the great object of ambition; all other wars were confidered as trifling, and all other fucceffes as mean, in comparison of those gained over the enemies of Chrift and his religion. To that renowned field of blood flocked all the brave, the pious, the ambitious, and the powerful.
In pursuance of this refolution, which, tho fucceeding fashions of thinking have condemned, yet certainly then was profecuted upon the nobleft motives, Edward failed from England with a large army, and arrived at the camp Lewis, the king of France, which lay before Tunis; and where he had the misfortune to hear of that good monarch's death before his arrival. The prince,
prince, however, no way difcouraged by this event, continued his voyage, and arrived at the Holy Land in safety.
He was scarce departed upon this pious expedition, when the health of the old king began to decline; and he found not only his own confti-` tution, but also that of the state, in such a dangerous fituation, that he wrote letters to his fon, preffing him to return with all dispatch. The former calamities began to threaten the kingdom again; and the barons, taking advantage of the king's weakness, oppreffed the people with impunity. Bands of robbers infefted various parts of the nation; and the populace of London once more refumed their accustomed licentiousness. To add to the king's uneafiness, his brother Richard died, who had long affifted him with his advice in all emergencies. He therefore, ardently wished for the return of his gallant fon, who had placed the fceptre in hands that were too feeble to hold it. At laft, overcome by the cares of government, and the infirmities of age, he ordered himself to be removed, by eafy journies, from St. Edmund's to Weftminster, where, fending for the earl of Gloucefter, he obliged him to fwear that he would preferve the peace of the kingdom; and, to the utmost of his power, maintain the interefts of his fon. That
fame night he expired, and the next morning
the great feal was delivered to the archbishop
of York, and the lords of the privy-council. -
Thus died Henry, in the fixty-fourth year of
his age, and the fifty-fixth of his reign, the
longest to be met with in the English annals.
He was a prince more adapted for pri-
vate than for public life; his ease, fimpli-
city, and good nature, would have secured
him that happiness in a lower station, of which
they deprived him upon a throne. How-
ever, from his calamities, the people after-
wards derived the most permanent bleffings;
that liberty which they extorted from his weak-
nefs they continued to preserve under bolder
princes, who fucceeded him. The flame of free-
dom had now diffused itself from the incorpo-
rated towns through the whole mass of the peo-
ple, and ever afterwards blazed forth at con-
venient feafons; fo that in proportion as the
upper orders loft, the people were fure to be
gainers. In this conteft, though they often laid
down their lives, and suffered all the calamities.
of civil war, yet those calamities were confi-
dered as nothing, when weighed against the ad-
vantages of freedom and fecurity.
ALLA, founds the kingdom of the South Saxons, 42.
Agricola, fent into Britain, 23-defeats the Cale-
donians, ib.-fails round Britain, 24-humanizes the
Britons, ib.-inftructs them in the arts of peace, ib.
Alfred, account of, 72-fucceeds to the crown, 73-marches
against the Danes, ib.-is defeated, ib.-relinquishes the
enfigns of his dignity, 74-routes the Danes, 77-equips
a ftrong fleet, 78-receives homage from the kings of
Wales, ib.-cultivates the arts of peace, 79-rebuilds the
ruined cities, ib.-eftablishes a regular militia, ib.-pro-
vides a naval force, ib.-defeats the pirates, 80-encou-
rages literature, 82-founds the univerfity of Oxford, ib.
-encourages manufactures, ib. - his character, ib.
Ambrofius, fucceeds Vortimer, 41-defeats the Saxons, and
reftores the British intereft and dominion, 42
Anglefea, ifle of, taken by Paulinus, 20.
Anfelm, archbishop of Canterbury, declares for Urban, 177
-oppofes the king's orders, 178-retires to Rome, 179-
recalled by Henry, 186- engages in the king's party, 188.
Arthur, king of England, an account of, 43.
Arthur, nephew to John, claims the throne, 302-fubmits
to his uncle, 303-flies to the court of France, 304-
defeated and taken prisoner, 305-put to death, ib.
Arts and fciences, tranfplanted into England, 62.
Afcalon, taken by the Chriftians, 283.
Atheling, Edgar, retreats into Scotland, 147-returns to
England, and lives retired, ib.
Athellan, ravages Scotland, 86-fubdues Conftantine, ib.
Augufline, the monk, fent into Britain, 49-his exemplary
conduct, 50-lands in the ifle of Thanet, ib. converts
Ethelbert to Chriftianity, 51-confecrated archbishop of
Canterbury, ibid.
Auguftus, forms a defign of invading Britain, 13-diverted
from it, how, ib.
BARONIES, established by William the Conqueror, 149.
their power in the reign of William I. 149
-form a confpiracy against John, 324-prefent their de-
mands to the king, 325-defpife the pope's remonftrance,
327-make war against the king, 329-encamp on Ru-
nimede, 331-obtain the great charter of liberties, 322-
twenty-five of their order appointed as confervators of the
public liberty, 336-reduced to the most deplorable cir-
cumftances, 339-apply to Philip for relief, ib.-become
the tyrants of the people, 350-refign their caftles, 351
-their unbounded authority, 364-fubmit to Henry III.
368-conclude a peace, 369.
Becket, Thomas à, his extraction, 224-a clerk in the She-
riff's office, ib.--preferred by the archbishop of Canterbury,
255-ftudies the civil law at Bologna, ib.-made arch-
deacon of Canterbury, ib.-recommended to Henry II.
ib.-made chancellor, ib.-his immense revenues. ib.—
his pomp and magnificence, z26-his conduct while
chancellor, ib.-promoted to the fee of Canterbury, 227—
refigns the feals, ib.-changes his conduct, 228-oppofes
the king, 230-is commanded by the king to furrender his
caftles, 231-quits London abruptly, ib.-fubmits to the
king, ib.figns the Conftitutions of Clarendon, 232-re-
doubles his aufterities, 233-his goods and chattles con-
fifcated, 234-his infolent conduct, 235 - puts himself un-
der the pope's protection, 236-retires to the continent,
ib.-excommunicates the king's chief minifters by name,
239-obtains leave to return, 241-his advantageous
terms of agreement, 242-his fplendid progrefs through
Kent, 243-fufpends the archbishop of York, ib.-ex-
communicates the bishops of London and Salisbury, 244
-is murdered at the altar, 246-confidered as a faint, ib.
Bertram de Jourdon, wounds Richard I. with an arrow,
296-his noble anfwer to that prince, 297-fet at li-
berty, ib.-flead alive by Marcede, ib.
Birtha, queen of Kent, exerts herfelf in the caufe of
Chriftianity, 50.
Blathim, prince of North Wales, joins with Edwin and
Morcar against William, 144.
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