CHAP. VI. other provinces, was adopted, which remained 1689. until the proprietary government itself was dissolved.

In August 1682 Penn, after long solicitation, obtained from the duke of York a conveyance of the town of Newcastle, with the territory twelve miles around it, and that tract of land extending from thence southward on the Delaware to cape Henlopen. Soon after this he set out for America, accompanied by about two thousand emigrants, and, in the October following, landed on the banks of the Delaware, where, in addition to the colonists sent out by himself, he found settlements consisting of about three thousand persons composed of Swedes, Dutch, Finlanders, and English. He cultivated with care the good will of the natives, and purchased from them at a satisfactory price such lands as were necessary for the present Foundation use of the colony. At this time the founPhiladelphia dation of Philadelphia was laid, which we are assured contained within twelve months from its commencement near one hundred houses. An assembly was called, which, instead of being composed of all the freemen according to the frame of government, was, at the request of the people themselves, constituted of their representatives. Many wise and salutary laws were legislature. enacted, and among others one annexing the

of

laid.

Assembly convened.

First acts

of the

territories (for so was the late purchase from the duke of York denominated) to the province,

and extending to the former all the privileges CHAP. VI. of the latter. Universal freedom in religion 1689. was established, and every foreigner who promised allegiance to the king and obedience to the proprietary was declared a freeman.

Extremely anxious to extend his limits to the Chessapeake, Penn soon after his arrival met lord Baltimore in Maryland, for the purpose of adjusting their boundaries. The patent of that nobleman calls for the fortieth degree of north latitude, and he proposed to determine, by actual observation, where that degree intersected the Delaware. Penn, on the other hand, insisted on finding the fortieth degree by mensuration from the capes of Virginia, the true situation of which had been already ascertained; and each adhering firmly to his own proposition, no agreement could be concluded between them. The contest was referred to the committee of plantations, who, after the crown had descended on James, decided that the peninsula between the bays of Chessapeake and Delaware should be divided into two equal parts by a line drawn from the latitude of cape Henlopen to the 40th degree, and adjudged that the land. lying from that line towards the Delaware should belong to his majesty, and the other moiety to lord Baltimore. This adjudication was ordered to be immediately executed.

Pennsylvania was slow in acknowledging the prince and princess of Orange. The govern

CHAP. VI. ment continued to be administered in the name 1689. of James, for some time after the abdication of the crown by that monarch was known. At length, however, William and Mary were proclaimed; and Penn had the address to obviate the unfavourable impressions at first made on them, by this delay in recognising their authority.

Smith....Hutchinson.... Chalmer....Trumbull.

CHAPTER VII.

New charter of Massachussetts....Execution of Leisler ....War with France....Expedition against Port Royal.... And against Quebec....Acadié recovered by France, and Pemaquid taken....Attempt on St. Johns....Peace.... Affairs of New York....Of Virginia....Disputes between England and France about the boundaries of their American colonies....Recommencement of hostilities with France....Quotas of men required from the respective colonies....Treaty of neutrality between the French and Five Nations....Expedition against Port Royal fails.... Incursion into Massachussetts....Plan for invasion of Canada....Port Royal taken....Expedition against Quebec....Treaty of Utrecht....Affairs of Carolina....Expedition against St. Augustine....Attempt to establish the episcopal church in Carolina....That colony invaded.... Bills of credit issued....Legislature continues itself.... Massacre in North Carolina by the Indians....Tuscaroras defeated....Scheme of a bank....Contests of the legislature of New York with lord Cornbury....Expedition against Montreal....Adjustment of boundary line between Massachussetts and Connecticut.

THE revolution which placed the prince and princess of Orange on the throne revived in Massachussetts the hope of recovering that charter, to which the people were devoted, because they judged of its merits, rather from the practice which had prevailed under it, than from its letter. Elections were held by authority of the temporary government, and the representatives, assembled at Boston in June 1689, immediately requested the council to take upon

CHAP. VII. themselves, until orders should be received 1689. from England, the powers and authority vested

in them by the charter. This proposition was acceded to, and the ancient system re-established.

It was soon perceived by the agents of Massachussetts, that the restoration of the old charter was not to be hoped for. The king very early discovered his determination, to retain in his own hands the appointment of a governor. A new charter, with as many of the privileges of the old as were attainable, was therefore all that could be expected. In the mean time, express authority was granted the colony to exercise the powers of government according to their ancient system, until the new arrangement should be made. The vessel, by which these directions were transmitted, carried also orders that sir Edmond Andros, and those imprisoned with him, should be sent to England. The general court deputed two of their body of assistants, mr. Cooke and mr. Oakes, to join their agents already in England, and instructed them to solicit, in the parliament and elsewhere, the confirmation of their beloved charter. These solicitations, however, were unsuccessful. The king adhered inflexibly to his first resolution, and, at length, a new charter was framed, certainly more eligible than the first in many respects, but in which were made some very important changes, affecting