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he spent a period in Germany, making the acquaintance of Professor Helmholtz, whom he greatly admired and whose life he afterwards wrote. In 1876 he was appointed Professor of Physiology in Glasgow University, and he held this Chair till 1906, when he retired. In 1882 the University of Aberdeen conferred on him the hon. degree of LL.D., and in 1884 he was elected a F.R.S. He was President of the Physiological Section of the British Association. His best-known work is a "Text-book of Physiology," published in 1888. He married, in 1867, a daughter of W. Souttar, of Aberdeen. She died in 1898, leaving two sons and two daughters.

4. Queen Margherita of Italy was born at Turin in 1851, the daughter of Prince Ferdinand of Savoy, Duke of Genoa, and of a Saxon princess. Her marriage to her cousin, Humbert, Prince of Piedmont, was celebrated in 1868, and her son, afterwards Victor Emmanuel III., was born at Naples in 1869. Her husband succeeded his father, Victor Emmanuel II., in 1878 as Humbert L of Italy, and the beautiful Margherita shared his great popularity. Three attempts were made on the life of Humbert I., the first two by deranged persons, and the last in 1900, when he was murdered by Bresci. From this blow Queen Margherita never recovered. Through her long widowhood she continued her social and philanthropic activities.

5. Henry Vassall, the Oxford and international football player, was born at Barwick in 1860, and educated by scholarships at Marlborough and at Hertford College, Oxford, where he obtained his Blue, playing forward in the Oxford team. Vassall's football period was a continued triumph, and "Vassall's team" will always rank as one of the greatest examples of intelligent direction and leadership in the Rugby game. Vassall was for a time a master at the preparatory school of Temple Grove. In 1885 he went to Repton School as Assistant Master and House Master under the Rev. W. M. Furneaux, afterwards Dean of Winchester ; and he continued in this post till 1919, when he retired. Mr. Vassall was a sound antiquary and an F.S.A.

Professor Edward Granville Browne, the Sir Thomas Adams Professor of Arabic at Cambridge, was the son of Sir Benjamin C. Browne, the engineer and shipbuilder. He was born at Newcastle-on-Tyne in 1862, and was educated at Glenalmond, Eton, and Pembroke College, Cambridge. At Cambridge he was first a student of medicine and then of Oriental languages, and was placed in the first class in the Indian Languages Tripos, which included Persian. He proceeded to St. Bartholomew's Hospital and qualified as M.B., M.R.C.S.; but in 1887 he was elected a Fellow of Pembroke, and was enabled to spend a year in Persia. In 1888 he was made Lecturer in Persian at Cambridge, and held that post till 1902, when he became Sir Thomas Adams Professor of Arabic. In 1906 he married Miss Daniell, who died in 1925, leaving two sons. Professor Browne's book on Persian literature, in 4 vols., completed in 1924, is a monument of erudition and contains renderings of Oriental poetry into English verse. His translation of "Chahár Maqála" contains the only contemporary account of Omar Khayyam. The subject which he made his own was the history and literature of the religion called "Bábi-ism."

Edmund Candler, correspondent of The Times in the East, was an accomplished writer on present-day eastern life. The son of a doctor at Harleston, Norfolk, he was educated at Repton and Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he took his degree in 1895. He went out to carry on educational work in India, and in time became Principal of the Mohimara College, Patiala State. But he was a traveller by nature, and in 1904 accepted the post of special correspondent with Younghusband's expedition to Lhasa for the Daily Mail. He lost an arm in the engagement at Tuna. In 1899 he had published A Vagabond in Asia," and in 1905 he wrote "The Unveiling of Lhasa." Candler had left India before

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the War, and in its early stages he was war correspondent on the Western Front to The Times and the Daily Mail. In 1905 he went to Mesopotamia, and he expressed his views of the operations there in "The Long Road to Baghdad" (1919). After this he travelled for The Times in the Near and Middle East. In 1920 he was made Director of Publicity to the Punjab Government, but he came into collision with Gandhi, and in two years was home again. Siri Ram, Revolutionist (1920), was a study of Indian revolutionary psychology and the effects of an English education on many young Indians. Abdication" (1922) was a novel on the state of India. His last book, “The Dinosaur's Egg," was written in 1925. Candler was awarded the C.B.E. in 1920. He married, in 1902, Olive Mary Tooth, and had a son and a daughter.

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7. Paul Cassirer, the Berlin publisher, art dealer, and art critic, with international art liaisons, was known for his fondness of impressionism in art, and was the champion of French impressionism in Germany. With Max Liebermann he organised the Berlin secession exhibition of 1899 and made known such artists as Slevogt, Corinth, Kokoschka, and others. At the time of the German revolution he threw himself into political publishing, and he and his wife opened the well-known political Red Salon. In the Kunst-Salon in Berlin in 1925 he brought together a collection showing his individual flair in art, where French impressionism was strongly represented. Always highly strung, he committed suicide because of domestic and business troubles, before attaining the age of 50.

11. Sir Richard Melvill Beachcroft, a former Chairman of the London County Council, was born in 1846, the eldest son of Richard Beachcroft, of Harrow. He was educated at Harrow School and became a solicitor. In 1888, when the London County Council was established, Beachcroft was an original member, representing North Paddington as a Moderate. He rendered conspicuous service on the Metropolitan Water Board, being elected its Chairman in 1903 and knighted in 1904. He held office till 1908, and remained a member of the Board till 1925, when he retired. He had a deep love for London, his ancestor, Sir Robert Beachcroft, having been Lord Mayor of London in 1711, and Master of the Cloth Workers' Company. He married, in 1877, Charlotte BonnorMaurice, of Bodynfoel Hall, Montgomeryshire.

14. J. F. P. Rawlinson, K.C., aged 65, the Senior Member for Cambridge University, was the youngest son of the late Sir Christopher Rawlinson, formerly Chief Justice of Madras. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, distinguishing himself at football both at school and college, and taking a first class in the Law Tripos of 1882. He entered the Inner Temple in 1881, and was called to the Bar in 1884. Some years after he wrote "Municipal Corporations Acts," which went through many editions. In 1896 he represented the Treasury in the inquiry in South Africa into the Jameson Raid; in the following year he took silk; and in 1898 he was appointed Recorder of Cambridge. In 1906 he entered Parliament for Cambridge University, holding the seat till his death. From 1916 Rawlinson acted as one of the temporary chairmen of committee of the whole House of Commons, and he was sworn a member of the Privy Council in 1923. His interest in education was many-sided. In addition to his continuous work for the University of Cambridge and his membership of the governing bodies of Eton, Malvern College, and Brighton College, he was President of the Private Schools Association. Rawlinson was unmarried.

15. Lord Chilston (Aretas Akers Douglas), aged 74, was well known in politics early in the century as a member of successive Conservative administrations. He was the only son of the Rev. Aretas Akers, of Malling Abbey, Kent, and was educated at Eton and University College, Oxford. He held a commission in the East Kent Yeomanry, and was called to the Bar by the Inner Temple in 1875, assuming at the same time the surname and arms of Douglas on succeeding

to the estate of Baads, Midlothian, on the death of a cousin. In 1880 he became Conservative member for East Kent, and when the constituency was divided. he sat for the St. Augustine's Division from 1885 till he was raised to the peerage in 1911. In 1885-86 he was made Chief Government Whip. Ten years later he was First Commissioner of Works, with a seat in the Cabinet. From 1902 till 1905 he was Home Secretary. In 1911 he was created Viscount Chilston of Boughton, Malherbe, Kent, and Baron Douglas of Baads, Midlothian. He held a number of public offices in Kent and Scotland, and was a G.B.E., a Knight of Grace, and a member of the Council of the Order of St. John. He married, in 1875, Adeline Mary Austen-Smith, of Hayes, Kent, and had two sons and five daughters. His elder son, the Hon. Aretas Akers Douglas, C.M.G., born in 1876, succeeded him.

16. Lord Carmichael (Thomas David Gibson-Carmichael) was Governor suecessively of Victoria, Madras, and Bengal. He was born in Edinburgh in 1859. the eldest son of the Rev. Sir H. W. Gibson-Carmichael, thirteenth baronet : graduated at St. John's College, Cambridge, and became secretary to Sir George Trevelyan and to Lord Dalhousie when they held the office of Secretary for Scotland. In 1895 he followed Mr. Gladstone as Liberal member for Midlothian, retiring from Parliament in 1900. He had succeeded to the baronetcy in 1891, and in 1908 he was made Governor of Victoria. His term there was cut short by his appointment to the Governorship of Madras in 1911, and he was, on his arrival at Madras, almost at once made Governor of Bengal on its elevation at the Delhi Durbar to a Province. Calcutta was at this time full of unrest, and the life of the Lieutenant-Governor had been attempted more than once. Lord Carmichael, through his tact and kindliness, did much to pacify the Indians. He married Miss Nugent, sister of the fourth Baron Nugent, who promoted with eagerness his philanthropic and educational work. His cousin, Sir Henry GibsonCraig, succeeded to the baronetcy.

20. Charles Montagu Doughty, explorer and poet, was born in 1843, the younger son of the clerical squire of Theberton in Suffolk. He was educated at Portsmouth (where, owing to an impediment in his speech, he failed to enter the Royal Navy), at King's College, London, and at Caius College, Cambridge, where he specialised in geology. Adopting no profession, for some years he travelled, first to observe glaciers in Norway, then in Holland and France, and afterwards in Italy, Spain, and Greece, where he spent a year before proceeding to the Bible lands. But it was Arabia that attracted him. In 1876 he set out from Damascus with a Pilgrim Caravan, and was nearly murdered when travelling to Mecca. He spent two years amongst free Arabs, and the result was a great book, "Travels in Arabia Deserta," which was published in 1888, and hailed as a masterpiece. Later, accompanied by his wife, he spent a year at Laurence Oliphant's settlement at Haifa. On his return he set to work on a national epic. and after many years there appeared "The Dawn of Britain" in 1907, "Adam Cast Forth" in 1908, "The Cliffs in 1909, "The Clouds" in 1912," The Titans " in 1916, and "Mansoul" in 1920. Recognition came to Doughty late in life; he received honorary degrees from Oxford and Cambridge Universities, and the Founders' Medal from the Royal Geographical Society. In 1922 he was elected an Hon. Fellow of the British Academy. He married a daughter of General Sir Montague McMurdo, and had two daughters.

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23. Cardinal Désiré Mercier, one of the foremost figures in Belgium during the War, a pillar of his Church and a great public leader in the national crisis, was born in 1851 at Braine-Allend. His grandfather had been Mayor of the Commune, and his father was a man of studious habits. Désiré showed so much talent that at 19 he was sent to the Seminary at Malines. In four years he was ordained priest, and transferred to the University of Louvain, where he became known as a brilliant thinker, and after some years Leo XIII. made him

head of an institute of Thomistic philosophy. In this capacity he founded the Revue Néo-Scholastique. In 1906 Mercier was made Archbishop of Malines and Primate of Belgium, and a year later he received the Cardinal's hat. During the War he issued a series of pastorals to his people which have become classics. In 1919 the Cardinal made an extensive tour in the United States and Canada. In 1924 he celebrated the jubilee of his ordination.

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24. Edward William Royce, aged 84, was the last of the old Gaiety quartette of comedians, known in the 'eighties as the merry family." He began his stage career in 1860 as a harlequin, but by diligent study he became an actor, playing a variety of comic parts in anything from Shakespeare down to modern burlesques. His great success came in 1880-81, in "The Forty Thieves," which ran for 232 nights owing to the efforts of the famous four-Edward Terry, Nellie Farren, Kate Vaughan, and "Teddy" Royce.

27. Professor Edward Harper Parker, Professor of Chinese in Manchester University (since 1901), and Reader in Chinese in Liverpool University (since 1896), was a son of Edward Parker, surgeon, of Kirkdale, Liverpool, and was born in 1849. On leaving school he went into business, but soon decided to enter the Consular Service. He studied Chinese so assiduously that he was appointed a student interpreter in China in 1869. He gained a scholarship at the Middle Temple, where he remained from 1875 to 1877. He was called to the Bar in 1882, and was Acting Vice-Consul and Acting Consul-General in Korea in 1886 and 1887. From 1892 to 1893 he was in Burma as Advisor to the Government on Chinese affairs, and he retired in 1895. He wrote a number of important works on Chinese life and religion.

28. Sir George Forrest, the historian of the Mutiny, was born in India in 1845, the son of Captain George Forrest, V.C., who defended the magazine at Delhi in the Mutiny. After leaving St. John's College, Cambridge, he joined the Inner Temple and read for the Bar, but was much attracted by journalism. In 1872 he entered the Bombay Educational Service, being in turn Head of the High School at Surat, Professor of Mathematics at Poona, and Professor of English History in Elphinstone College, Bombay. In 1888 he was made Director of Records for Bombay, and as a result of this in 1890 there appeared three volumes of "Selections from the State Papers in the Foreign Department of the Government of India." In 1891 Forrest became first officer in charge of the Records of the Government of India Office, and turned his attention to the records of the Indian Mutiny. Of these four volumes appeared, the last in 1912. He was a close friend of Lord Roberts, whose life he wrote in 1914. Forrest was made a C.I.E. in 1899 and was knighted in 1913. He married Miss Emma Viner, of Broadfield, Crawley, Sussex, and left one son and one daughter.

Viscount Kato, the Japanese Prime Minister, was born in 1860 of samurai family, and had a brilliant career at the Imperial University. He entered business, rose rapidly, and married his employer's daughter. He then embarked on a public career, and at the age of 35 was Japanese Minister to the Court of St. James's. After four years he returned to Japan, and was appointed Foreign Minister, but he soon resigned and spent a second term in London. After this he again became Foreign Minister, and he was holding this office for the fourth time in 1914 when war broke out. Eventually he became Prime Minister, and was responsible for introducing an extended franchise into Japan. He was made a baron of England in 1911, and was promoted to viscount in 1916. was decorated G.C.M.G. by King Edward VII.

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30. Walter Lionel George, the novelist, was of Jewish origin though of British parentage, and was born in 1882, educated in France, where he performed his military service. He remained French in his point of view. He published

"A Bed of Roses" in 1911, which was banned by the circulating libraries, and afterwards in rapid succession, "The City of Light," "Israel Kalisch," "The Making of an Englishman," and in 1914 The Second Blooming," his best book. He wrote also several volumes on Woman. He was married three times, and left a widow and two children.

FEBRUARY.

1. Allan James Lawrie, K.C., Deputy Chairman of the County of London Quarter Sessions since 1911, was born in 1873, the son of the late Mr. J. D. Lawrie, of Monkrigg, East Lothian. He was educated at Fettes College, Edinburgh, and Trinity College, Oxford, and was called to the Bar by Lincoln's Inn in 1899, taking silk in 1924. He unsuccessfully contested the Holderness Division of Yorkshire in 1900. In 1911 he was appointed Deputy Chairman of the London Sessions, and he filled this position so efficiently that his death was a severe loss to the administration of justice in London. He married Ethel, youngest daughter of the late Judge Adams, and had three sons.

2. General Sukhomlinoff, aged 78, was Minister of War in Russia from 1909 to 1915. As a young cavalry officer he served with distinction in the RussoTurkish War of 1877-78, and later he was appointed instructor in strategy to the Tsarevitch, afterwards Nicholas II. He became a favourite of his Imperial pupil, and was appointed to command a hussar regiment; from this period his advancement was rapid till, in 1909, he became Minister of War. But he was a courtier rather than a capable soldier, and though he showed initiative in reorganising the army after the Russo-Japanese War, in dealing with those in high places he soon came to follow the line of least resistance, and when the War came the Russian armies were unequipped. In 1915 General Sukhomlinoff was dismissed. His trial began in 1916, and ended after the fall of the Empire. He was sentenced to imprisonment for dereliction of duty, to be followed by exile; and his wife was also condemned. When the Bolshevist Government released him he retired, first to Finland and afterwards to Brandenburg, and wrote his memoirs, which throw light on the last twenty years of the Imperial régime in Russia.

4. Adolphe Léon Willette, the French illustrator, was born in 1857 at Châlons-sur-Marne, the son of Colonel Willette. He studied under Cabanel and at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. His "Temptation of St. Anthony" appeared in the Salon in 1881, and he exhibited there till 1887, when he turned to pastel and lithography. He was associated in turn with most of the Parisian comic journals, and was a pioneer in the revival of the poster in France. His drawings were of two kinds, the violently political, and the idyllic after the manner of Watteau.

7. Dr. William Evans Hoyle, aged 70, the first Director of the Welsh National Museum at Cardiff, was born in Manchester, the son of W. J. Hoyle, an engineer. He studied at Owens College, whence he proceeded with an exhibition in natural science to Exeter College, Oxford, and later he was elected a junior Student of Christ Church. He intended to practise medicine, but turned to scientific work. He was appointed naturalist to the Challenger Expedition, working chiefly on marine organisms. In 1889 he was made Director of the Manchester Museum; and in 1909 he was made Director of the Welsh National Museum before the plans were complete, which gave scope for his talent, assiduity, skill, and patience, and for the use of his immense information regarding the world's museums. He was twice married, and had two daughters.

8. Dr. William Bateson, the biologist and pioneer in research in heredity, was the son of the Rev. W. H. Bateson, D.D., Master of St. John's College,

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