third at Sillery, where general Murray was repulfed. The victories of the English were, ift, that near Crown Point, where general Johnfon commanded, and Diefkau was made prifoner; the 2d near Niagara, where general Johnfon alfo commanded; and the 3d and principal near Quebec, where Wolfe gained the victory and loft his life. From the English two forts had been taken, Ofwego and Fort-Wilham-Henry. The English on their fide took three cities, Louifbourg, Quebec, and Montreal; and five principal forts, which commanded as many important communications, Beaufejour, Niagara, Frontenac, Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and Ifle-Royal; befides fome others of inferior confideration.

guifhed in this refpect than fir William Johnfon; he led into Canada an army of a thousand of the fierceft and moft cruel favages which are bred in America, without doing the smallest damage to the country, or offering the flightest injury to the perfons of the inhabitants. To effect this he was obliged to. exert the moft unwearied endeavours, and the whole of those uncommon talents which gave him fuch power over the minds of all forts of men. The great victories by which he has advanced the intereft of the nation, have done him lefs honour than this conduct, by which he has fo greatly advanced its character for humanity and moderation. It were to be withed that the fame might be faid of the army which marched from Quebec; who finding that the inhabitants in fome parts were out in arms, were under a neceflity of fetting fire to the villages; the tendernels of gen. Murray's nature revolted when the giving fuch orders became a neceffary part of his duty. In the courfe of this fummer, captain Byron, with 9 July. three of his majefty's thips, destroyed a fettlement of French, where none had ever been fufpected, in the bay de Chaleurs. There he alfoTM took three frigates and about twenty fail of veffels, which contained a reinforcement of troops and military ftores for the relief of Montreal; but when they had received intelligence that lord Colville's fleet had got into the river before them, and of courfe entirely commanded`it, they difembarked in this place, to attempt, if poffible, a way to their. principal army by land. But they were difcovered; the whole armament was taken; and the whole defign difconcerted.

Taking the whole war in America into one view, Canada had been defended with bravery and conduct fufficient to crown the generals Wolfe and Amherst, and the admirals Bofcawen and Saunders, who finally reduced it, with the greateft glory. And without queftion, the conduct of general Amhertt in his laft expedition, by which he obliged-Montreal to furrender without a blow, and finally conquered Canada without effufion of blood, deferves every honour and every recompence a grateful people can beftow. The humanity with which he behaved to the conquered, both French and Indians, though the one had perpetrated, and the other at leaft connived at the most horrid cruelties on the English prifoners, adds a high luftre to his conqueft. His troops fet not one houfe on fire, not one habitation was plundered, not one man was killed fexcept in the attack of leRoyal). None was more diftin

Before

Before we take our leave of the American affairs of this year, we ought to make fome mention of a war with the favage Indians, which broke out on the back fettlements of our fouthern colonies. The Cherokees, one of the moft numerous and powerful nations of these barbarians, had in the beginning, and during the greatest part of the progrefs of the war, appeared to be heartily engaged in our interefts: at their defire a fort had been built in their country called fort Loudon, from the then commander in chief of the British forces in America. Some parties of them had appeared in our favour on the laft expedition against fort du Quefne. But it is thought that on that occafion they received fome infults, and had been treated in general with a neglect which made the deepest imprettion on the minds of fo vindictive a people. Thefe difcontents were fomented by the French, who hoped to caufe a diverfion of a part of our forces in this quarter. At length they commenced hoftilities in their ufual manner, by cruel ravages and murders on the frontier of their neighbouring provinces. And there was very great reafon to apprehend that the fame artifices of the enemy, and the fame opinion of ill usage, would draw the neighbouring and powerful nation of the Creeks into the like meatures.

Mr. Lyttleton, who was then governor of Carolina, having in vain endeavoured to pacify them, took Oc.1759. the refolution of marching with all the force regular and provincial, which he could raife, into the Cherokee country. This army in all did not exceed 1100 men, but it was conducted with fuch fpirit and dispatch by governor Lyttleton, that in a very

fhort time, he marched 300 miles thro' the vaft defart which lies between the Indian caftle of Keeowee and Charles-town. He was advanced into their country before they had made preparation to receive him. They faw their towns, in cafe of obftinacy, on the point of being delivered to fire and fword. They therefore defired a conference, in which they acknowledged themfelves to blame; and confented to fuch a treaty of peace as the governor 26th Dec, was pleafed to dictate. They gave up the perfons guilty of the moft flagrant murders, and put into his hands twenty-two hoftages, as a fecurity for their adherence to the treaty.

The governor had all imaginable reafon to be fatisfied with the effect his expedition had produced; and having, as every body believed, effectually chaftifed the former infolence of the enemy, and secured the future tranquillity of the fouthern provinces, he returned to Charlestown. But thefe perfidious barbarians, equally regardless of their faith, and of the fafety of their countrymen,whofe lives were pledg ed for their fidelity, broke out, as foon as the army was removed, into their former ravages; blocked up fort London, which ftands in the middle of their country, and made fome attempts on fort Edward, which lies nearer to the fettlements, Their total want of kill in carrying on fieges prevented them from any hope of maftering the fe places, otherwife than by treachery or famine. They failed in the first inftance, and the laft required time.

The imminent danger of two English garrifons, and that whole tract of our colonies, being made known to General Amherst, he detached Colonel Montgomery to

ers.

This univerfal deftruction of the lower fettlements being completed, colonel Montgomery paffed on to the middle Cherokees; 27 June. but as the army marched through a dangerous ground, favourable to the Indian method of fighting, they were fuddenly attacked on all fides by this favage enemy, with the greatest fury, and with the ufual horrible fcreams and outcries. The troops were fo well difpofed with a view of this kind of war, that they ftood the charge with firmnefs; they were not intimidated with the covered fire, or the fcreams of the favages. The fight was long and well maintained on both fides. But at length the Indians fled. A neighbouring town (one of the most confiderable) was entered that night. The enemy made fome attempt to moleft them; but to little purpofe, The English loft in this action 20 killed, and about So wounded. The Cherokees had near forty killed,

3

The number of the wounded is not known.

Though colonel Montgomery was victorious on this occafion; yet it was neceffary to retreat on account of his wounded, for whom he had no place of fafety. For if he fhould attempt to proceed, he had to apprehend frequent tkirmishes as he advanced, and the number of wounded, together with the difficulty of his march, would be hourly increased. This retreat was certainly neceffary. But when colonel Montgomery had arrived at Fort St. George, he difcovered part of his orders, which threw the whole country into confternation; which was, that when he had chaftifed the enemy, he was to return to New York, with the troops under his command, and rejoin the grand army. Thefe orders without delay he obeyed; not however with fuch rigour, but that the earnest entreaties of the province prevailed on him to leave about 400 men for their protection.

Carolina and the neighbouring colonies were again expofed to the fury of a favage enemy, not fo much weakened as exasperated by their late fufferings: the fate of the garrison at fort Loudon was but too certain. For feveral months they had fuffered a close blockade; at length, feeing no hope of relief, their provifions being totally confumed, and the enemy fhewing fome pacific difpofitions, 7 Aug. they were induced to furrender upon honourable conditions.

But the enemy, equally regardlefs of faith and humanity, fell upon them in their march, butchered all the officers but one, killed feveral of the private foldiers, and carried the reft into an horrible captivity. Thefe outrages on the fouth

ern

ern colonies threw fome damp on the joy which was felt over the English America, on the entire conqueft of Canada.

In Europe the fortune of the campaign was nearly balanced. In America, except this inconfiderable favage war, it was entirely triumphant. In the East Indies alfo we gained glory and new advantages. After the raifing the fiege of Fort St. George, in February 1759, the 16th April English army took the field under major Brere1759. ton, and poffefled themfelves of the important town and fort of Conjiveram. About the fame time the city of Mafulipatam was formed and taken by major Ford. By thefe ftrokes the French trade on the coaft of Coromandel was confined to Pondicherry and a few inconfiderable places. And the traffic of the whole fhore, for an extent of 800 miles of a populous and manufacturing country, was entirely in the hands of the English company. This coaft joins to the rich province of Bengal; out of which alfo the French were entire ly driven, by the heroic actions of colonel Clive.

Encouraged by thefe fucceffes, a body of about 1200 men, Europeans and Seapoys, under the command of major Brereton, advanced further, and attempted to diflodge an army of French and their confederate Indians, encamped under the cannon of a fort of that countryconftruction. The acquifition of that place had been a valuable adSept. vantage. But here our army was obliged to retire with a lofs of between three and four hundred killed and wounded.

General Lally,animated with this and fome flighter advantages,threat

ened the fiege of Trichenopoly, and the French affairs feemed again to revive. But it was only a momentary gleam. To check his progrefs, colonel Coote, at the head of the greatest body he could draw together on that coaft, invefted Wandewash, took the place in three days, and made the garrifon prifoners of war. 30 Nov. From thence he paffed with rapidity to Carongoly; the fiege of which town he preffed with fuch diligence, that, in four days from the opening his batteries, he obliged 10 Dec. the garrifon to march out.

This progrefs alarmed general Lally; he called large detachments in from every fide, and knowing the importance of Wandewah, made all his efforts to recover it. He pufhed forward the fiege with the utmoft vigour, hoping to take the town before colonel Coote could arrive to its relief. But the colonel marched with equal diligence; and arrived about 228 July the time when the French had inade a practicable 1760. breach. His army confifted of 1700 Europeans, and about 3000 black troops. Lally's amounted, to 2200 Europeans, and between 9 and 10,000 blacks. The engagement was long and obftinate; but at length the French gave way. It was a total rout; they abandoned their camp, their cannon, and all the implements of the fiege. They left a thousand killed and wounded on the field of battle. Among the prifoners were brigadier-general Buffy; the chevalier Godeville, quarter-mafter-general; lieutenant colonel Murphy, and eleven inferior officers, who were all wounded. Lally fled with his broken troops in defpair to Pondicherry.

Of

Of the English in this action near 200 were killed and wounded; in particular the death of the gallant major Brereton was much regretted. Of the blacks about 70 were wounded and flain.

Except the battle of Plaiffy, followed by the revolution in Bengal, this action was the moft confiderable in its confequences, of any in which our troops had ever been engaged in India. This was fought in part against European troops headed by an able general. The difpofitions for the battle, and the conduct of colonel Coote in the engagement, merit every ho

nour

This victory was purfued with a fpirit equal to that by which it was won. Chittiput was taken in a few days after; and the army allowing itself no repofe, marched directly from thence to Arcot, the capital of this immenfe province. The ficge was opened on the fifth of February, and the fort furrendered on the roth: near 300 Europeans were made prifoners of war.

At fea admiral Pocock feconded the extraordinary efforts of colonel Coote with his own ufual fkill and intrepidity. Again he en4th Sept. gaged the fleet of Mon1759. fieur d'Ache, a brave commander, who has in fome degree supported the declining reputation of the French marine; but though fuperior in the number of his hips, and more than in that proportion fuperior in guns and men, he was obliged after upwards of two hours fevere and bloody conflict to give way before admiral Pocock, and to take fhelter under the forts of Pondicherry. During this engagement eight of the English

fhips ftood the fire, of the whole French fleet, which confifted of fixteen fail. The fhips were greatly fhattered; five hundred and fixty of our fquadron were killed and wounded; and on the fide of the French the lofs was not lefs than a thoufand. Admiral Pocock immediately got himself again in a fighting condition, and braved the French fleet before Pondicherry, who lay under its cannon, and refufed a new engagement.

It has been oblerved that history can hardly produce an inftance of two fquadrons fighting three pitched battles, under the fame commanders, in eighteen months, without the lofs of a ship on either fide. After this engagement, admiral Cornith arrived on the coast of Coromandel, and joined Pocock, by which we attained fo decided a fuperiority in ftrength, as we had before in courage and ability, that the French no longer appeared in those feas. Most of their fhips went off, as it was thought, to Mauritius. Then the French affairs went rapidly to ruin. On the fifth of April the important fortrefs of Caracal furrendered to the fea and land forces under admiral Cornish and major Monkton. By the taking of this

and two other places of leffer confideration, the French were actually reduced to the fingle fort of Pondicherry; which was, when thefe accounts came away, clofely blocked up by land and fea. The ftrongeft hopes are conceived that this capital of the French India power and commerce will thortly be brought into our poffeflion; and with thefe pleafing hopes we conclude the hiftory of the war of 1760.

THE