But even this was trifling compared with the mortality in Hungary. The disease appeared in that kingdom in the month of June, manifesting itself in the north, and spreading rapidly, partly to the south, but much more decidedly to the west. It raged till the end of September, by which time 256,000 individuals had been attacked, of whom 102,657 had died. It followed the course of the Danube upwards, and broke out in Vienna on the 13th of September, in defiance of all the military and police regulations which had been adopted to cut off all communication between Hungary and the capital. Here, too, however, it was less destructive than the fears of the gay and voluptuous Viennese had led them to apprehend. During two months which elapsed before the pestilence took its leave, about 3,500 individuals were at tacked, and the deaths were less than one-half. Vienna seemed to be the limit of its march in this direction. The other provinces of the empire, and all to the westward and south of them, escaped the destroyer. The disease, while raging in Europe, was equally destructive in Egypt, where it was said to have swept off four per cent of the population. In the month of May it carried off 5,500 persons from among the pilgrims of Mecca alone, in little more than three weeks.

In some of the infected countries, the physical malady was attended by a moral pestilence still more deplorable. The disease uniformly sought its victims principally among the lower classes of the people. Medical skill seemed equally unavailing to detect its nature, or to repel its attacks.

Whether it was contagious, communicated by an infected person and by infected goods, or whether it was epidemic, professional men were unable to decide. Without waiting the determination of such questions, the public authorities of the countries which it threatened to approach, or had already entered, provided hospitals into which the sick were immediately removed. The populace, finding themselves thus exposed to an enemy who made what appeared to them so invidious a distinction between the rich and the poor, and falling beneath the attacks of a disease unlike, in the revolting nature of its symptoms and the frightful rapidity with which it produced death, to any ailment known among them, took up the idea, that the pretended disease was the result of a conspiracy of the upper classes to sweep away by poison their miserable inferiors. In Hungary, where the disease was most violent, and the ignorance of the people profound, the peasantry, under the influence of this extravagant notion, rose in open insurrection, sacked the castles of the nobility, imprisoned and outraged their persons, and perpetrated the most brutal excesses and atrocious murders. Their vengeance extended to the officers employed in enforcing the quarantine regulations, and to all medical men, who were believed to be the prime instruments of the conspiracy. Chlorate of lime having been brought into general use as a preventive against infection, the peasantry, finding quantities of this preparation in many of the houses which they plundered, felt all their convictions strengthened by thus detecting, as they imagined, the very material with which the waters were

poisoned to insure their destruction. It was only by placing considerable bodies of military in the disturbed districts that peace was restored. St. Petersburg was, for several days, the scene of riots proceeding from similar causes. The populace believed that the sick were carried off to the hos

pitals, only that they might be the more conveniently dispatched by the medical attendants; and a prudential regulation, that dead bodies should be immediately interred, produced, in the minds of the vulgar, a firm belief, that their uufortunate mates were buried alive.

pectation, if they ever entertained it, of being joined by the populace and garrison of Cadiz. On the contrary, general Quesada, the ⚫ governor of Andalusia, having hastened thither on the same day from Xeres, put it in a state of defence against any possible attack. The rebels, to save themselves from being immured in the Isle, were thus compelled to leave it. They quitted it on the 4th, and landing on the opposite coast, marched in the direction of Tarifa, with the intention of seizing that place, and effecting a junction with a band of their confederates who were marching through the mountains from Gibraltar, under the command of one Manzanares, to join them. But the royal troops were already in pursuit of them from all quarters. They were overtaken at Bejer; they scarcely attempted to fight; 400 of them surrendered; the others dispersed themselves in the mountain. Of those who were made prisoners, the more distinguished personages were immediately shot. The corps of Manzanares, on learning the failure of the enterprise, likewise dissolved, having lost its leader in a scuffle with some peasantry in the mountains.

This insurrection was, or was represented by the government to be, only one branch of a widely extended conspiracy the secret instigators of which were in the capital. Numbers of seditious placards were found every morning scattered in the streets; it was said that the police, in domiciliary visits to the houses of suspected persons, had discovered large collections of tri-coloured cockades, inscribed with legends in honour of France, liberty, and the constitution; that money, brought from

beyond the Pyrennees, had been distributed among the troops; and that everything had been prepared for an insurrection for which the explosion in the Isle of Leon and at Cadiz was to be the signal. To eradicate the conspiracy, a permanent military commission was established at Madrid, and power was given to the captains general to establish similar courts in the provinces, where they should think it useful. The jurisdiction of the commission extended to every possible shade of political offence, including even the writing of pasquinades, and the circulating of alarming intelligence regarding the strength of real or imagined rebels; and all persons were subjected to it, of whatever rank, state, or condition. By a subsequent decree, robbery was likewise placed under the cognizance of the commission. The erection of this tribunal, and the activity of the police, spread terror among in Madrid, who were liberally inclined; for suspicion exposed its object to evils only short of the death which would have followed certain guilt; though executions were few, there was no deficiency of arbitrary imprisonments. Onc man was hanged for having uttered some obnoxious expressions when drunk. One of his judges, having refused to sign the sentence, as being inhumanly severe, was dismissed for his recusancy. A bookseller exposed himself to suspicion, by visiting the wife of a very obnoxious liberal, who had escaped. On his house being searched, a tri-coloured flag and a private printing press were found in his cellars. He was forthwith hanged. After the execution, a priest mounted the steps of the ladder, and delivered to the ad

all

miring multitude a discourse ou the peculiar care which heaven bestowed on discovering and punishing the enemies of the church and of his most faithful majesty. The military commissions, however, employed themselves more actively, and far more usefully, with robbers and assassins, who were rendering the streets of Madrid unsafe, than with political offenders. The latter were allowed to linger in their dungeons, probably because they had been consigned to them for no better reason than the apprehensions of the government.

But neither the blood shed in actual conflict, nor the executions and imprisonments which were sure to follow its unsuccessful termination, could deter hot-headed men from renewing these hope less insurrections, which seemed to be perpetrated with a wilful want of all concert and preparation, and a wilful blindness to the power against which those engaged in them deliberately dashed themselves. After the failure of the attempt at Cadiz in March, Torrijos, its prime instigator, had employed himself in framing the plan of a new invasion. This could not be permitted on the territory of a friendly power. Obliged to leave Gibraltar, he sailed on the 28th of November for Malaga, along with his companions, among whom was an Irish gentleman, in all fifty-three in number. It was alleged that he was induced by the promise of the governor of Malaga, to join him which, even if true would have little palliated the rashness of the attempt, after what had happened not many months before. The Spanish authorities, however, seemed to have been in formed of their motions. Pursued

by a number of Guarda-costas, they were compelled to run their small vessels on shore not far from Malaga, on the 2nd December. The party, on their landing, were followed, and surrounded in a farm house, by a considerable body of troops, against whom resistance was hopeless. They surrendered; on the 5th they were marched into Malaga, where, so soon as orders could be received from Madrid, every one of them was shot, under the authority of the proclamation which had been issued by Ferdinand in October of the preceding year to meet the threatened invasion of Mina.

PORTUGAL, whilst Spain was exposed to these disturbances from within, encountered more serious dangers and disgraces from without. From the moment of the suppression of the unfortunate Oporto expedition in 1828, the government of Don Miguel had given just cause of offence to the British ministry by its lawless proceedings towards various British subjects, and against British property. The privileges of the judge conservator, under whose protection British subjects were placed by treaty, had been violated, to expose them to the insults and oppressions of Don Miguel's police. When accused of offences which entitled the Portuguese government to interfere-and these alleged offences were always connected with supposed political trespasses-they were not brought to any fair trial, even according to the laws of Portugal, but detained in loathsome and unhealthy dungeons, where they were compelled to submit to every indignity which the subordinate agents of a brutal government chose to inflict. In