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odious, they affirmed, that once in seven years they concurred with the Jews in the time of celebrating that festival; and that they might recommend their own form of tonsure, they maintained that it imitated symbolically the crown of thorns worn by Christ in his passion; whereas the other form was invented by Simon Magus, without any regard to that representation." These controversies had, from the beginning, excited such animosity between the British and Romish priests, that, instead of concurring in their endeavours to convert the idolatrous Saxons, they refused all communion together, and each regarded his opponent as no better than a Pagan. The dispute lasted more than a century; and was at last finished, not by men's discovering the folly of it, which would have been too great an effort for human reason to accomplish, but by the entire prevalence of the Romish ritual over the Scotch and British.' Wilfrid, bishop of Lindisferne, acquired great merit, both with the court of Rome and with all the southern Saxons, by expelling the quartodeciman schism, as it was called, from the Northumbrian kingdom, into which the neighbourhood of the Scots had formerly introduced it.*

h

Theodore, archbishop of Canterbury, called, in the year 680, a synod at Hatfield, consisting of all the bishops in Britain;' where was accepted and ratified the decree of the Lateran council, summoned by Martin against the heresy of the Monothelites. The council and synod maintained, in opposition to these heretics, that, though the divine and human nature in Christ made but one person, yet had they different inclinations, wills, acts, and sentiments, and that the unity of the person implied not any unity in the consciousness." This opinion it seems somewhat difficult to comprehend; and no one, unacquainted with the ecclesiastical history of those ages,

f Bede, lib. 2. cap. 19. b Bede, lib. 2. cap. 2. 4. 20. Bede, lib. 3. cap. 25.

8 Ibid. lib. 5. cap. 21. Eddius, § 24. Bede, lib. 5. cap. 16. 22. 1 Spell. Conc. vol. 1. p. 168,

Eddius, § 12.
Eddius, § 12.

n Ibid. p. 171..

could imagine the height of zeal and violence with which it was then inculcated. The decree of the Lateran council calls the Monothelites impious, execrable, wicked, abominable, and even diabolical; and curses and anathematizes them to all eternity."

The Saxons, from the first introduction of Christianity among them, had omitted the use of images; and perhaps that religion, without some of those exterior ornaments, had not made so quick a progress with these idolaters: but they had not paid any species of worship or address to images: and this abuse never prevailed among Christians, till it received the sanction of the second council of Nice.

CHAP. II.

Egbert-Ethelwolf-Ethelbald and Ethelbert-Ethered-Alfred the Great-Edward the Elder-Athelstan-Edmund-EdredEdwy-Edgar-Edward the Martyr.

Egbert. THE kingdoms of the Heptarchy, though united 827. by so recent a conquest, seemed to be firmly cemented into one state under Egbert; and the inhabitants of the several provinces had lost all desire of revolting from that monarch, or of restoring their former independent governments. Their language was everywhere nearly the same, their customs, laws, institutions civil and religious; and as the race of the ancient kings was totally extinct in all the subjected states, the people readily transferred their allegiance to a prince, who seemed to merit it, by the splendour of his victories, the vigour of his administration, and the superior nobility of his birth. A union also in government opened to them the agreeable prospect of future tranquillity; and it appeared more probable, that they would henceforth become formidable to their neighbours, than be exposed

n Spell. Conc. vol. 1. P. 172-174.

to their inroads and devastations. But these flattering views were soon overcast by the appearance of the Danes, who, during some centuries, kept the AngloSaxons in perpetual inquietude, committed the most barbarous ravages upon them, and at last reduced them to grievous servitude.

The emperor Charlemagne, though naturally generous and humane, had been induced by bigotry to exercise great severities upon the Pagan Saxons in Germany, whom he subdued; and besides often ravaging their country with fire and sword, he had, in cool blood, decimated all the inhabitants for their revolts, and had obliged them, by the most rigorous edicts, to make a seeming compliance with the Christian doctrine. That religion, which had easily made its way among the British Saxons by insinuation and address, appeared shocking to their German brethren, when imposed on them by the violence of Charlemagne; and the more generous and warlike of these Pagans had fled northward into Jutland, in order to escape the fury of his persecutions. Meeting there with a people of similar manners, they were readily received among them; and they soon stimulated the natives to concur in enterprises, which both promised revenge on the haughty conqueror, and afforded subsistence to those numerous inhabitants with which the northern countries were now overburdened. They invaded the provinces of France, which were exposed by the degeneracy and dissensions of Charlemagne's posterity; and being there known under the general name of Normans, which they received from their northern situation, they became the terror of all the maritime, and even of the inland countries. They were also tempted to visit England in their frequent excursions; and being able, by sudden inroads, to make great progress over a people who were not defended by any naval force, who had relaxed their military institutions, and who were

• Ypod. Neustria, p. 414.

sunk into a superstition which had become odius to the. Danes and ancient Saxons, they made no distinction in their hostilities between the French and English kingdoms. Their first appearance in this island was in the year 787, when Brithric reigned in Wessex. A small. body of them landed in that kingdom, with a view of learning the state of the country; and when the magistrate of the place questioned them concerning their enterprise, and summoned them to appear before the king, and account for their intentions, they killed him, and, flying to their ships, escaped into their own country. The next alarm was given to Northumberland in the year 794;a when a body of these pirates pillaged a monastery; but their ships, being much damaged by a storm, and their leader slain in a skirmish, they were at last defeated by the inhabitants, and the remainder of them put to the sword. Five years after Egbert had established his monarchy over England, the Danes landed in the Isle of Shepey, and, having pillaged it, escaped with impunity. They were not so fortunate in their next year's enterprise, when they disembarked from thirty-five ships, and were encountered by Egbert, at Charmouth in Dorsetshire. The battle was bloody; but though the Danes lost great numbers, they maintained the post which they had taken, and thence made good their retreat to their ships. Having learned by experience, that they must expect a vigorous resistance from this warlike prince, they entered into an alliance with the Britons of Cornwall; and, landing two years after in that country, made an inroad with their confederates into the county of Devon; but were met at Hengesdown by Egbert, and totally defeated. While England remained in this state of anxiety, and defended itself more by temporary expedients than by any regular plan of administration, Egbert, who alone was able to provide effectually against

P Chron. Sax. p. 64. Chron. Sax. p. 72.

q Chron. Sax. p. 66. Alur. Beverl. p. 108. Ibid. Ethelward, lib. 3. cap. 2. t Chron. Sax. p. 72.

this new evil, unfortunately died; and left the govern ment to his son Ethelwolf.

Ethelwolf.

This prince had neither the abilities nor the vigour of his father; and was better qualified for governing a convent than a kingdom." He began his reign with making a partition of his dominions, and delivering over to his eldest son, Athelstan, the newconquered provinces of Essex, Kent, and Sussex. But no inconveniences seem to have arisen from this partition; as the continual terror of the Danish invasions prevented all domestic dissension. A fleet of these ravagers, consisting of thirty-three sail, appeared at Southampton; but were repulsed with loss by Wolfhere, governor of the neighbouring country. The same year, Æthelhelm, governor of Dorsetshire, routed another band which had disembarked at Portsmouth; but he obtained the victory after a furious engagement, and he bought it with the loss. of his life. Next year, the Danes made several inroads into England; and fought battles, or rather skirmishes, in East-Anglia, and Lindesey, and Kent; where, though they were sometimes repulsed and defeated, they always obtained their end, of committing spoil upon the country, and carrying off their booty. They avoided coming to a general engagement, which was not suited to their plan of operations. Their vessels were small, and ran easily up the creeks and rivers; where they drew them ashore, and, having formed an intrenchment round them, which they guarded with part of their number, the remainder scattered themselves everywhere, and carrying off the inhabitants, and cattle, and goods, they hastened to their ships, and quickly disappeared. If the military force of the county were assembled (for there was no time for troops to march from a distance), the Danes either were able to repulse them, and to continue their ravages with impunity, or they betook themselves to their

" Wm. Malmes. lib. 2. cap. 2. * Chron. Sax. p. 73. Ethelward, lib. 3. cap. 3. y Chron. Sax. p. 73. H. Hunting. lib. 5.

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