and completely blocked up the road from Eylau. To every corps of the army, was assigned its proper station. They were all of them ›reassembled except the first corps, which continued to manoeuvre on the low

er Passarge. Thus the Russians, who had been the first to recom mence hostilities, found themselves blockaded in their entrenched camp, and were offered battle on the ground which they themselves had chosen. It was for a long time believed that they would make an attack on the 11th. At the moment when the French were making their dispo. sitions, the Russians. shewed them. selves ranged in columns, in the midst of their entrenchments, for tified with batteries. But at ten o'clock at night they began to pass the Alla, abandoning the whole country to the left, and leaving their magazines, and their wounded, to the disposal of the conqueror. On the 12th, at day-break, all the corps of the army were in motion, and took different directions. In the different actions, from the 5th to the 12th, according to the French accounts, the Russian army was deprived of about 30,000 fighting men. The number of wounded left prisoners in the hands of the French amounted, to between 3 and 4,000. The loss of the French, as stated by them, amounted to no more than 6 or 700 killed, 2,000, or 2,200 wounded, and 300 prisoners. On the 12th, at four in the morning, the French army entered Heilsberg, where they found in the magazines, several thousand quintals of grain, and a great quantity of different kinds of provisions. A division of dragoons, and a brigade of light cavalry, pursued the Rus. sians to the right bank of the Alla.

In the mean time, the light corps of the army advanced in various direc. tions in order to pass the Russians, and get between them and their ɓagazines, by cutting off their retreat to Koningsberg. On the same day, at 5 o'clock P. M. the head quar ters of the French army had arrived at Eylau. Here the fields were no longer covered with ice and snow, but, on the contrary, presented

one of the most beautiful scenes in nature. The country was every where adorned with beautiful woods, intersected by lakes, and enlivened by handsome villages. On the 13th, while the grand duke of Berg, and the marshais Souit, and Davoust, had orders to manœuvre before Konings. bergh, Buonaparte with the corps of Ney, Lasnes, Mortier, the imperial guard, and the first corps, commanded by general Victor, ad. vanced on Friedland. On the same day, the 9th regiment of hussars entered that town, but was driven out of it a ain, by 3,000 Russian caval ry. On the 14th, the Russians advanced on the bridge of Friedland, with the intent of persuing their march to Koningsberg, and at three in the morning a cannonade was heard" It is a fortunate day (said Buonaparte) it is the anniversary of the battle of Marengo." Different movements and actions took place, by which the Russians were stopped on their march, and could not pass the village of Postenheim. struggle was now unavoidable; and both armies prepared for a decisive battle. By five in the evening, the several corps of the French were at their appointed stations. Mar. shal Ney was on the right wing; marshal Lasnes in the centre; and marshal Mortier on the left wing. The corps of general Victor and

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wavered. But Dupont's division, which formed the right of the reserve, fell on the Russian imperial guards, and defeated them with great slaughter. Several other bodies were sent from the centre of the Russian army for the defence of the most important position of Friedland. But the impetuosity, the numbers, and the prompt and skilful co-operation of the assailants with an immense artillery, prevailed. Friedland was taken; and its streets bestrewed with dead bodies.-The attempts of the Russians on the left wing of the French being defeated, they made repeated attacks on their centre. But all the efforts of both their infantry and cavalry, to ob. struct the progress of the French columns, were exerted in vain. Marshal Mortier, who, during the whole day, had exhibited the great. est coolness and intrepidity, in supporting the left wing, now advanced, and was in his turn supported by the fuzileers of the guard under the command of general Savary. The French columns pressed forward on the Russians, chiefly along the sides of the ravin; which was, thus, as advantageous to the French, as disadvantageous to the Russians. Victory, which had never in the judgment of the French generals, who drew up the bulletin, been for a moment doubtful, now declared decidedly in their favour. The French horse and foot guards, and two divisions of the reserve attached to the first corps, were not in the action. The field of battle preIsented one of the most horrible spectacles of wounded, dying, and dead men and horses, that was ever beheld. The number of the dead on the side of the Russians was estimated by the French at from 15,

to 18,000: and that of the dead on their own side, at less than 500. But they admitted that the number of their wounded amounted to 3000. Eighty cannon, and a great number of covered waggons and standards fell into the hands of the conquerors. The Russians were pursued in their retreat towards Koningsberg till 11 o'clock. During the remainder of the night, the cut-off columns endeavoured to pass, and part of them did pass the Alla at several fordable places. But next day covered waggons, cannon and harness were every where seen in the river.

"The battle of Friedland," says the French bulletin, "is worthy to be numbered among those of Maren. go, Austerlitz, and Jena. The enemy were numerous, had fine cavalry, and fought bravely."-Next day, June 15, the Russians endeavoured to re-assemble on the right bank of the Alla, while the French army manœuvred on the left bank to cut them off from Koningsberg. The heads of the hostile columns arrived at Wehlaw, a town situated at the confluence of the Alla and the Pregel nearly at the same time. The Russians at day-break, on the 16th passed the Pregel, and continued their retreat to the Niemen.—The French bulletin says, that "having destroyed all the bridges, they took advantage of that obstacle to proceed on their retreat." If there were several bridges on the Pregel, they must, however, have left one at least standing, till they had crossed the river themselves, though the French gazetteers would insinuate, that they escaped only by means of the demolition of all the bridges. The consistent and true account of the matter, seems to be that which is given by the eye-wit

ness of the campaign in Poland, abore quoted, who says that at "Wehlaw the Russian army passed the Pregel, without any loss or even annoyance, on a single bridge. A detachment of 4000 French troops watched their movements, but did not oppose their retreat. The bridge was then burnt: and the Russians continued their retrograde move. ment to Pepelken, where they were rejoined by the Prussian corps, under general Lestocq, and a Rus. sian corps under general Kaminskoy, who had been detached to Konings. berg on the 10th for after the defeat of the main Russian army, Koningsberg was untenable." At eight in the morning Buonaparte threw a bridge over the Pregel, and took a position there with the army. Almost all the magazines which the enemy had on the Alla, had been thrown into the river or burnt. At Wehlaw, however, the French found more than 6000 quintals of Forn-possession was taken of Koningsberg by the corps under marshal Soult. At this place were found some hundred thousand quintals of corn, more than 20,000 Founded Russians and Prussians, and all the ammunition that had been sent to the Russians by England, including 160,000 muskets that had not been landed. The French bulletin (79) concluded as follows: "It was on the 5th of June that the enemy renewed hosti. lities. Their loss in the ten days that followed their first operations may be reckoned at 60,000 men, killed, wounded, taken, or other wise put hors de combat. They have lost a part of their artillery, almost all their ammunition, and the whole of their magazines on a line of more than 40 leagues. The

French armies have seldom obtained such great advantages with so little loss."

Over the conduct of this short campaign, on the part of the Russians as well as its commencement after the reduction of Dantzig, there still hangs a mysterious cloud. Af ter this important event, and the addition that was made to the French army by the liberation of between 30, and 40,000 fighting men, it was universally supposed, that general Bennigsen would play the part of Fabius. As the possession of Dantzig and the peninsula of Nehrung gave great facilities to the French, while they presented so strong a front on the Passarge and from thence to the heights of the Alla, for turning the right flank of the Russian army on the north, it was supposed, that instead of making an attack, he would fall back behind the Pregel and support his right on Koningsberg; where he would be nearer his resources, and the French farther from their's. Thus, also, time would have been afforded for the execution of those military plans which were projected in Swedish and Prussian Pomerania. But, if general Bennigsen wished to put an end to the war, at once, by a decisive action, why did he refuse to give battle in his strong position at Heilsberg? The conduct of the Russian general, who had been so much extolled when his operations were supposed to have been successful, was now, as commonly happens to the unfortunate, very much censured. The grounds of censure appear indeed to have been, at least, very plausible. But the world did not then know, nor do we now know, the whole of the case. That the Russians should

have

stitution or system of fundamental laws, that should secure the liberties and privileges of the people of the said duchy, and be consistent with the security of the neighbouring states. This constitution, framed on the model of that of France, was presented, approved by Napoleon, by the grace of God and the constitution, emperor of the French, king of Italy, and protector of the confederation of the Rhine, and signed by him, and countersigned by his secretary of state, Maret, at Dresden, so early as the 22d of July. The city of Dantzig, with a territory of two leagues around it, was restored to her former independence, under the protection of his majesty the king of Prussia, aud his majesty the king of Saxony, to be governed by the laws by which she was governed at the time when she ceased to be her own mistress. For a communication between the kingdom of Saxony and the duchy of Warsaw, his majesty the king of Saxony was to have the free use of a military road through the states of his majesty the king of Prussia: this road, the number of troops to be allowed to pass at once, and the resting places with magazines, to be fixed by a particular agreement between the two sovereigns, under the mediation of France. Neither his majesty the king of Prussia, his majesty the king of Saxony, nor the city of Dantzig, were to oppose any obstacles whatever to the free navigation of the Vistula, under the name of tolls, rights, or duties. In order, as far as possible, to establish a natural boundary between Russia

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and the duchy of Warsaw, a certain territory, heretofore under the do. minion of Prussia, to be for ever united to the empire of Russia.— This territory added two hundred subjects to those of the Russian empire.-Their royal highnesses, the dukes of Saxe Cobourg, Oldenburg, and Mecklenburgh Schwerin, were each of them to be restored to the complete and quiet possession of their estates: but the ports in the duchies of Oldenburgh to remain in the possession of French garrisons till a definitive treaty should be signed between France and England; for accomplishing which, the mediation of Russia was to be accepted, on the condition that this mediation should be accepted by England in one month after the ratification of the present treaty. Until the ratification ofa defi. nitive treaty of peace between France and England, all the ports of Prussia without exception, to be shut against the English. His majesty the empe ror of all the Russias, acknowledged the confederation of the Rhine; his majesty Joseph Napoleon, king of Naples; his majesty Lewis Napoleon, king of Holland; and his im perial highness prince Jerome Na. poleon, as king of Westphalia: a kingdom to consist of the provinces ceded by the king of Prussia on the left bank of the Elbe, and other states then in possession of his ma. jesty the emperor Napoleon. These were the most generally important articles in the treaties. There were others relating to private estates and other property, more interesting, no doubt, to individuals. The time and manner in which the different stipulations in the treaties* were

te