the lord-lieutenant and council, or the king who had the naming of them, with his council of England, the propofer to the two houfes of the laws to pafs, at least of thofe that fhould be fo devifed before the meeting of parliament. But the great doubt was, as there were no exprefs words depriving the lords and commons of their former rights, whether, when the parliament was once met, they had not till the old right of beginning other bills, or whether they were not reftrained to the acts fo certified and returned. By the preambles of fome acts, foon after made, expreffing that they were made at the prayer of the commons in the prefent parliament affembled, one would be inclined to think that the cominons, after affembling the parliament, had propofed thefe laws. Certain it is, the latter opinion fupported by the minifters of the king and his lawyers, gained ground: for, in the twenty-eighth of Henry the Eighth's reign, an act was made fufpending Poyning's law with refpect to all acts already paffed, or to be paffed in that parliament; the paffing of which act was certainly a ftrong confirmation of what was before doubtful againft the house of lords or commons in Ireland, whether they could bring in bills different from thofe tranf mitted by the council, fince here they both confented to the fufpenfion of the act, to make valid the laws they had paffed or fhould pass in that parliament, without that previous ceremony.

But in the reign of Philip and Mary, by which time this opinion, before doubtful (for fo it is mentioned in the act then made), was however to be maintained, and

ftrengthened, as it added power to the crown. The act we at prefent live under was made to prevent all doubts in the former, which was certainly framed in words calculated to create fuch doubts, to be extended in favour of the prerogative. This provides, that, as many caufes and confiderations for acts not forefeen before may happen during the fitting of parliament, the lord - lieutenant and council may certify them, and they fhould pafs, if they fhould be agreed to by the lords and commons. But the great strokes in this new act were two, the first explanatory of part of the former in Henry the Seventh's reign, that is, that the king and council of England, fhould have power to alter the acts tranfmitted by the council of Ireland; fecondly, the enacting part, that no acts but fuch as fo came over under the great feal of England, fhould be enacted; which made it clear, that neither lords nor commons in Ireland had a right to frame or propofe bills to the crown, but that they must first be framed in the privy-council of Ireland, afterwards confented to or altered by the king, and the fame council in England, and then, appearing in the face of bills, be refufed or accepted in toto by the lords and commons here.

It is true, that both lords and commons have attempted, and gained an approach towards their ancient rights of beginning bills, not in that name, but under the name of Heads of Bills, to be tranfmitted by the council; but as the council are the first beginners of acts of parliament, they have affumed a power of modelling thefe also. The legislature of Ireland

is,

is, therefore, very complicated. First, the privy council of Ireland, who, though they may take the hint from the lords or commons, frame the bill; next, the king and council of England, who have a power of alteration, and really make it a bill, unalterable, by fending it under the great feal of England; then the two houses of lords and commons, who muft agree in the whole, or reject the whole; and, if it paffes all thefe, it is prefented to the king for his affent; which, indeed, is but nominal, as it was before obtained."

Here, faid the count, is a little town, every house of which I have built myself and filled them with manufacturers. We entered it; he fhewed me the fabrics which he hadeftablished; they were chiefly of wool: there were great numbers

S

3 vols. octavo.

OME doubts have been entertained of the authenticity of this work; nor can we pofitively say whether there ever did exift fuch a perfon as Mr. Marshall; nor indeed is that material: for if a traveller has chofen to oblige the world with his obfervations, and that those observations are worthy of an enlightened curiofity, it is very little material, whether the author is or is not a gentleman of a good eftate in any particular county of England.

But undoubtedly it is material, whether the facts are founded upon which the writer reafons; and in juftice to our readers, we cannot but inform them, that some doubts are entertained even on this head; yet ftill the manner and plan of travelling is fo well conceived, that we hope it will at least be an example to travellers, to inform themfelves thoroughly of thofe points, in which our country may be interested to have inftruction; fo that VOL. XV.

vers; they made coarse cloth, worn by the poor people of all this country. The manager of the works was an Englishman from Effex, who, I fuppofe, the count had brought with him when he was upon his tour through England. I am no judge of these fort of works, but the people, native Danes, as well as the Englishmen, carry on their work with quicknefs and intelligence. The count informed me, that he had four hundred hands employed upon woollen goods alone; that he wrought up all forts of cloathing, which found a ready market in this country; that is, fuch as all the country men and women wore. I afked him how he fucceeded as to profit? He replied, very indifferently, if I fpeak as a manufacturer; for had I been a mere mafter of it, I fhould have been ruined. What this is owing to, I know not; but I fuppofe, to my not being able to give hat attention to the business which a man would do who is to make his bread by it. However, Sir, continued R

he,

he, I make all I wish for by it; I pay my expences, and there is enough left to anfwer all the demands which are made on me, on account of the buildings I have erected; fo that I am a clear gainer of the number of people I have fixed on my eftate; and I dare fay you comprehend my meaning fufficiently to fee, that this was the only profit I wished to reap.

The count fhewed me another manufactory, which was that of leather; he had erected feveral tanneries, which prepared the hides for manufacturing into doublets, breeches, boots, ftockings, and fhoes; of these various artifis, he has to the number of near three hundred; and the products of their labour find, like thofe of his woollen manufacture, a free and quick fale in the neighbouring country. M. le Count informed me, that this manufacture was more profitable to him than that of woollen goods. The next fabric he fhewed me, was that of turners ware. He had laid in large ftocks of beech wood, elm, horn-beam, holly, and feveral other forts; and fixed many artists in this way to turn difhes, plates, platters, cups, faucers, bowls, fcoops, and various other articles, which are in common ufe among the people in all the adjacent towns and villages; of thefe artifts, he reckons one hundred and twenty perfons employed in preparing and working up the raw

materials.

He has also a small linen manufactory, which employs above forty hands, and of which the fuccefs is fo advantageous, that it in-, creates every day they work up enly coarte cloths for theets, thirts,

and other purposes, among the lower ranks of people.

But none of his works feemed to please this moft patriotic nobleman, equal to his manufactories of iron; of thefe he worked all forts of implements in common ufe, whether for the furniture of houses, or do. meftic utenfils; the machines for artifts, fuch as wheelwrights, carpenters, blacksmiths; the imple ments of husbandry, fuch as ploughs, harrows, rollers, carts, waggons, fpades, fhovels, forks, rakes, axes, &c. all these he worked in great numbers, and found a ready vent for them. Thefe fabrics employed above two hundred men.

All these undertakings employ above a thousand hands, and the fuccefs of them has proved fo great, as to fix above two thousand inha bitants in the town he has built for them. It confifts of about three hundred houfes, all of which the count either built at his own expence, or advanced part of the mo ney towards them, or granted cer tain privileges to those who made him propotals of building. The ftreets are laid out very regularly, interfecting each other at right an gles; in the center is a large mar◄ ket-place, and in the midst of it, a

fmall but neat church; all the town is well paved; the houses are fmall, but all raised with brick, and covered with tiles, and make a very regular and agreeable appearance.

The bricks and tiles are all burnt in kilns adjoining the town, belonging to the count, and the tim ber is cut in his forefts; fo that the expences were very fmall, compared to what they would have been in different circumstances; but notwithstanding

withstanding these advantages, the count affured me, that in three and-twenty years, fince he began thefe works, he has expended in them the fum of above thirty-three thousand ducats, which make near fixteen thousand pounds. This account includes the church, the pav. ing the town, and the erecting the works and buildings for the feveral manufactures above mentioned, befides the houses and shares of houfes: exclufive of this expence, he has been employed three years in erecting a handfome bridge over the river, a wharf on the banks of it, with warehoufes for merchandize, and dry and wet docks for building barges, and decked floops on the river: the tide flows up to the town, though at a confiderable diftance from the fea; and the count, among his noble plans, has fchemed the fixing a trade at it. This town is fituated between Pallifberg and Wingaard: the river falls into the gulph that Ringfkopping ftands on, but he is at prefent employed in cutting a canal, about two miles long, to gain a better navigation into a bay to the northward, near Wofborg. By this means, he hopes to be able to navigate brigs of one hundred tons; whereas he has at prefent only five floops, each of fifty tons. Thefe he employs all himfelf in bringing materials for his manufactures from the Baltic, England, and Holland. His bridge, wharf, docks, and warehouses, he calculates will coft him fixteen thousand ducats, and his navigation above three thousand.

I do not remember ever receiving fo much real pleasure, as from viewing these great and noble exertions of princely magnificence, which infinitely exceed all the

It was the employment of the day for the count to carry me through all the manufactures, and the different parts of the town; he returned to the caftle to a late dinner. I mentioned taking my leave of him, but, with great politeness, and in the moft obliging manner, he defired me to defer my journey, faying he had thewn me only his manufactures, but he had the effects of them on agriculture yet to let me fee. At dinner, and in the evening, we had abundance of converfation concerning the objects I had feen in the day; and particu larly on the means, by which the count had been able to effect the establishment of the manufactures I had feen.

The beginning of all my undertakings, faid that illuftrious nobleman, I found ever the most difficult. In establishing the woollen fabric, I had infinite difficulties at first, in opening a regular channel by which to receive the wool, for our own was so bad, that I could ufe fcarce any of it; and then to get people used to the dif

R 2

ferent

ferent works, from picking and forting for the fpinners, quite to the weavers, who finifled the working of it. Most of the people I procured from Germany and Flanders; but a few, who proved more ufeful to me than all the reft, from Scotland, and two or three from England. To all thefe people I have been forced to give great falaries, to build them fine houfes, and to put up with many irregularities; but I was indefatigable in making my own people learn of them what they could perform; and the best way of doing this, I found was to give a premium to the foreigners for every hand they perfected in every branch of work. Several of thefe people are dead, and I have not taken any pains to recruit their number; for my Danes are now, many of them, as expert as their mafters. I have, however, very often ftraggling parties of Germans, who come to afk work, which I never fail giving them, and building houfes immediately for them, if they continue in the mind of fettling. This has in general been my conduct with every one of the fabrics except one, which has hitherto been entirely conducted and worked by native Danes; but I meditate attempting fome new manufactures, for which I must have recourfe to other countries for a few hands to inftruct us. From the beginning of the undertaking, found the neceffity of uniting the characters of merchant and manufacturer; for had it not been for the poffeffion of a little fhipping, which fupplied me with whatever materials were wanting, 1 fhould never have been able to bring my works to the height at which they are now arrived. My

floops are ftrong and well built, and run, without difficulty, whereever I fend them, to the Baltic, to England, Scotland, Holland, France, and even to the Mediterranean; with the advantage of coming up into the heart of my town. I once had a brig of two hundred tons, but I found too much inconvenience and expence in fending fuch a veffel for a cargo of not more than forty or fifty tons, unlefs I turned trader, and loft by the bufinefs; befides her being forced to lye in the gulph, instead of coming up to the town; fo that I fold her in Holland, and have found my floops far more convenient and profitable, as with them I can always take a full cargo of whatever they are fent for. I have a Dutch fhip-carpenter, who builds them for me, and he has fix Danes under him, two of whom have worked in the king's yard at Copenhagen. This eftablishment is not more than three years old, but I purpose to keep it regular, and even to increafe it: they have built me five. floops, each of fifty tons, which have performed their business exceedingly well, and are excellent failers. You faw two more on the ftocks, both which are herring buffes, built exactly on the fame plan as thofe in Holland; with them 1 purpose attempting the herring fifhery; for I have obferved in my travels, and you certainly must have remarked the fame thing, that nothing fpreads more industry, or maintains fo many people, as fifueries: and at the fame time, the Danes make excellent ones; and I have no doubt of fucceeding, as I have, though at a great expence, got three Dutch fishermen, ufed to their art of barrelling; if I meet

with