A History of Western Civilization ...Prentice-Hall, Incorporated, 1939 |
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... REFORMS THE PAPACY The only power in Europe that was strong enough to pre- vent the disintegration of the Church was the ... reform which began in Cluny in the tenth century . The new spiritual movement in the Church was first seen in a ...
... REFORMS THE PAPACY The only power in Europe that was strong enough to pre- vent the disintegration of the Church was the ... reform which began in Cluny in the tenth century . The new spiritual movement in the Church was first seen in a ...
Trang 339
... reform even more vigorously . Pope Urban II ( 1088-1099 ) , one of the most energetic , impetuous , and uncom- promising of popes , became famous chiefly because his preach- ing of the first crusade inaugurated a movement that captured ...
... reform even more vigorously . Pope Urban II ( 1088-1099 ) , one of the most energetic , impetuous , and uncom- promising of popes , became famous chiefly because his preach- ing of the first crusade inaugurated a movement that captured ...
Trang 344
... reform ; in this it was unique . THE CISTERCIANS The much - needed reforms among the Benedictines were ac- complished principally by secessions from the order . The chief offshoot of the Benedictines was the Cistercian order , sometimes ...
... reform ; in this it was unique . THE CISTERCIANS The much - needed reforms among the Benedictines were ac- complished principally by secessions from the order . The chief offshoot of the Benedictines was the Cistercian order , sometimes ...
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GROWTH OF IDEALS OF LIBERTY | 1 |
Pisistratus | 23 |
The Athenian Empire | 29 |
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administration agricultural Arabic army Athens authority barbarian barons became began bishops Byzantine Byzantine Empire century B.C. Christian Church cities civilization clergy commerce common conquest Constantinople council court crusades culture early East eastern ecclesiastical economic elected eleventh century emperor England English estates feudal fifteenth century forced fourteenth century France French Gaul Germany gradually greatest Greece Greek growth Guelfs Henry Holy Roman Empire ideas imperial important influence Italian Italy king kingdom land later Latin literature lord manor mediaeval mediaeval period Mediterranean ment merchants Middle Ages modern Mohammedans monarchy nobility nobles Norman organization papacy papal Parlement Parliament peace peasants Persian political pope reform reign religion religious Renaissance result Roman Empire Roman law Rome royal rule serfs Sicily social Spain struggle tenth century theory third estate thirteenth century tion towns trade tury twelfth century western Europe