A History of Western Civilization ...

administration agricultural Arabic army Athens authority barbarian barons became began bishops Byzantine Byzantine Empire century B.C. Christian Church cities civilization clergy commerce common conquest Constantinople council court crusades culture early East eastern ecclesiastical economic elected eleventh century emperor England English estates feudal fifteenth century forced fourteenth century France French Gaul Germany gradually greatest Greece Greek growth Guelfs Henry Holy Roman Empire ideas imperial important influence Italian Italy king kingdom land later Latin literature lord manor mediaeval mediaeval period Mediterranean ment merchants Middle Ages modern Mohammedans monarchy nobility nobles Norman organization papacy papal Parlement Parliament peace peasants Persian political pope reform reign religion religious Renaissance result Roman Empire Roman law Rome royal rule serfs Sicily social Spain struggle tenth century theory third estate thirteenth century tion towns trade tury twelfth century western Europe