rupted by a change in the Ministry of Justice-The Queen opposes
herself to the more lenient conduct of the New Minister-Continued
Prosecutions and Punishments at Lisbon and Oporto-Sentence pro-
nounced at Oporto, in their absence, against the Marquis Palmella,
Count Villa Flor, and nineteen other General Officers-Forced issue of
Paper Money-Necessities of the Government-Count Villa Flor takes
the Command in Terceira in the Name of the Queen-An Expedition
sails from Lisbon to reduce Terceira-The Troops effect a landing, but
are totally defeated by Villa Flor-Spain recognizes the Title of Don
Miguel-Brazil craves the armed interference of Britain, which is refused
-A Portuguese Expedition sails from Plymouth to reinforce the Garri-
son of Terceira, under the pretext that the Troops on board were to be
carried to Brazil-The British Government prevents them from landing
-Don Pedro refuses to enter into any compromise with Miguel, and
recals his Daughter from Europe.-SPAIN.-Executions at Barcelona-
Partial Insurrections in Catalonia-Cadiz is erected into a free Port-
Detection of a Fraud practised by Spain in relation to a French Loan.-
ITALY.-Death of Pope Leo XII, and Election of Cardinal Castiglione,
Pius VIII. [174
RUSSIA. Opening of the Campaign between Russia and Turkey-The
Russian Fleet takes Sizeboli-The Turks are defeated in an attempt to
retake it-The Russian Army, under General Diebitsch, crosses the
Danube, and marches against Silistria-Skirmishes as it advances-The
Russians invest Silistria-The Grand Vizier moves from Shumla to
attack General Roth-Battle of Eski-Arnautlar-The Russians retire,
and the Grand Vizier besieges Pravadi-Count Diebitsch marches from
Silistria with part of the besieging Army to support General Roth, and
relieve Pravadi-He joins General Roth, and they occupy the Defiles
in the rear of the Vizier, without his being aware of it-Battle of Ku-
lertscha-The Vizier forces open the Road to Shumla, and takes up a
new position-The Russians renew the attack, and the Turks take to
Flight-The Vizier regains Shumla-The Russians offer to open Nego-
tiations-Silistria surrenders, and the besieging Army joins Count
Diebitsch before Shumla-The Russians prepare to cross the Balkan,
leaving a Corps to watch Shumla-They effect the Passage of the
Kamtschick, and reach the summit of the Mountain, before the Vizier
is aware of their Movements-They descend the Southern Side of the
Balkan-They take Mesembri, Bourgas and Aidos, defeating, at the
latter, a large body of Turks-They take Karnabut and Sambol, and
push their advanced Guards towards Adrianople-The Vizier leaves
Shumla by a circuitous route, and reaches Selimno on the Road to
Adrianople-The Russians attack the Turks at Selimno, defeat them,
and carry the Town-They advance to Adrianople, which capitulates, the
Turkish Garrison dispersing-The Fleet takes Vassilico, Agathopolis
and Ainada on the Euxine, and a detachment of the Army occupies Enos
on the Mediterranean-Opening of the Campaign in Asia.—The Turks
form the Siege of Akhalzik, but are compelled by the Russians to raise
it-The Pacha of Trebizond is driven from his Camp-Count Paske-
witsch succeeds in crossing the Mountains, to advance on Erzeroum,
and defeats the Turks in two separate Actions-Erzeroum surrenders
to the Russians-Return of the English and French Ambassadors to
Constantinople The Sultan refuses to accept their Mediation on the
terms proposed regarding Greece-State of the Capital as the Russians
advance Commissioners sent to Adrianople to treat-A suspension of
Hostilities takes place-Peace is concluded between Russia and Turkey
-Terms of the Treaty.-PERSIA.-Massacre of the Russian Ambassador
and his Suite at Tehran.-GREECE.-Progress of the Greek Army in
Western Greece; they take Vonizza, Carvassara, Lepanto, Anatolico,
Missolonghi Protocol of the three Powers regarding the Boundaries
and Settlement of Greece-They request from the Greek Government
a suspension of Hostilities, which is refused-Dissensions among the
Military-General Church resigns the Command of the Army-Meeting
and Proceedings of the National Assembly-Negotiations at Constanti-
nople for the Settlement of Greece-The Sultan, in the Russian Treaty,
accedes to the Protocol of the Allies-Conferences at London to carry
the Protocol into effect-The three Powers resolve that the Sovereignty
reserved to Turkey, by the Protocol and the Russian Treaty, shall be
abolished-They fix the Limits of the new Greek State
UNITED STATES.-Congress-Inaugural Address of the new President-
BRAZIL.-Extraordinary Meeting of the Legislative Assembly-Pro-
posed Reformation of the Bank-Ordinary Meeting of the Assembly-
Reductions in Expenditure-Finances-Attempted Impeachments of the
Ministers of Justice and of War for their Proceedings on occasion of an
Insurrection at Pernambuco.-BUENOS AYRES.-General Lavalle, at
the head of his Troops, overturns the Government-Dorego, the Gover-
nor of Buenos Ayres, raises Troops in the Country to oppose him--
Lavalle marches against him, defeats him, takes him Prisoner, and puts
him to Death without Trial-Civil War-The Provinces of Santa Fe
and Cordova declare against Lavalle-He marches against them-In his
absence the Federalists under Rosas approach Buenos Ayres-Lavalle
returns to defend the City-Buenos Ayres is besieged-Lavalle con-
cludes a Treaty with the Federalists-Reverses of the Federalists in
Cordova-The influence of Lavalle prevails in the Elections at Buenos
Ayres The Federalists refuse to acknowledge them-A new Con-
vention is concluded, annulling the Elections, and naming a Senate to
conduct the Government.-COLOMBIA.-War with Peru-The Peruvians
blockade Guayaquil, and make an unsuccessful attack upon it-It
afterwards capitulates-The Peruvians are defeated at Tarqui, and
Preliminaries of Peace are signed-The Peruvian Governor of Guaya-
quil refuses to give it up, and the Campaign is renewed-In consequence
of a Revolution in Peru, Guayaquil is given up to the Colombians, and
Hostilities are suspended, that a Peace may be negotiated-Bolivar con-
vokes an Assembly to meet in 1830-He forces by a Decree the Rights
of the Electors and the mode of Election-Santander's sentence of
Death is commuted into Banishment-Decree against secret Societies
-An Insurrection against Bolivar breaks out in Popayan, but is quelled
-Another Insurrection against his unlimited power breaks out in the
province of Antioquia-A Revolution in Bolivia in favour of the Co-
lombian party-PERU.-A Revolution-The President, Lamar, is sent
into Banishment, and General La Fuente seizes the Government.-
MEXICO.-Consequences of the Insurrection of December 1828, and of
the Flight of Pedrazza the President elect-Congress Meets-Pedrazza
resigns, and Guerrero is declared President-Law for the Expulsion of
the old Spaniards-State of the Finances-Congress imposes an Income
Tax, but the Government is unable to enforce it-Extraordinary
Meeting of Congress to oppose a Spanish Invasion-They Vote a forced
Loan-They give the President unlimited power over Persons and Pro-
perty-A Spanish Army from Cuba lands in Mexico, and takes Tam-
pico, and Tamaulipas The Spaniards fortify themselves, awaiting re-
inforcements-The Mexicans, under Santana, march to Tampico-The
Spaniards take Altamira-Tamaulipas is attacked by a Detachment of
Mexicans, who are repulsed-The Spaniards are shut up in Tamaulipas
and surrender.-GUATEMALA.-Siege and Capture of Guatemala by
the troops of San Salvador-Meeting of Congress-Proceedings against
the Members of the late Government
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