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war which she was about to wage, and that, in regard to that topic of dispute, she would act only in concert with her allies. By what right, then, did she insert a single stipulation regarding it, in the treaty that terminated a war, with which, according to her own professions, it had no connection, and a treaty to which those powers, without whom she had bound herself to take no step regarding it, neither were, nor could be, parties. This resembled too much the arrogance of the conqueror, who felt that his sword had rendered him independent of his diplomatic allies, and that he had contrived to make use of their assistance to put him in a situation, which enabled him to settle the Greek question in any way he might choose. France and England immediately represented to Russia, that the execution of the treaty of London did not belong to her alone, but was to be the joint work of the three Cabinets. In consequence of this representation, it was agreed that the conferences regarding Greece should be transferred to London, and that Turkey should not be authorized or required to send plenipotentiaries to attend to her interests, although her treaty with Russia expressly stipulated that she should have power to do so. As among the allies, this might be perfectly right; but as to the Porte the principle was this, that the provisions in the treaty between it and Russia were to be binding on the latter only in so far as they were not inconsistent with engagements between her and other powers, to which the Porte was no party.

The first important question was, whether Turkey should be allowed to retain even a nominal

sovereignty over the new state, with an annual tribute, or whether Greece should be utterly severed from the empire, and set up in absolute independence? The suzeraintè of the Porte had been one of the provisions of the treaty of London; it was an express condition of the protocol of the 22nd of March, to which the Sultan had been compelled to accede. The three powers had not hitherto claimed any right actually to cut off whatever portion they might choose from the Sultan's dominions and erect it into an independent state. But they had now changed their minds; and it was resolved that Greece should be freed from the sovereignty of Turkey out and out. To say nothing of the mischievous principle, if principle there be any, which lies at the bottom of such acts, what had already become of the treaty of Adrianople, signed only a few weeks before? The Sultan had therein accepted the protocol of the 22nd of March; he had taken its disadvantages, and he was entitled' to its benefits. By that treaty Russia was bound, if there be any faith in treaties at all, to preserve to Turkey its supremacy over Greece; and yet Russia is one of three powers who calmly sit down, when the ink of that treaty is scarcely dry, and resolve that it shall not be observed! True it is, that Russia ought not to have meddled with the matter

that she was bound up from making any stipulation regarding it.

But still, since she had done so, she, at least, was bound to use all her influence to obtain its fulfilment: she used all her influence the other way. Even in regard to her companions, the conditions,

which they had proposed, were verbatim the conditions to which Russia brought Turkey to consent in the treaty. Turkey, who was no party to their conventions and protocols, was entitled to hold, that, when she made one of the powers the medium of her assent to that which all the three were demanding, she was satisfying the claims of all of them. Vae victis! As some compensation for this unprincipled game of confederacy, the three powers next agreed to restrict the territory of the new state within somewhat narrower limits than were assumed in the protocol. The boundary in that instrument was a line drawn across the mountains from the gulph of Volo on the east, to that of Arta on the west. The line now adopted was farther to the south. It was to commence on the east at Zeitouni, a little to the northward of Thermopyla, and run across the country, in the direction of Vrachori, till it reached the river Aspropotamos, the ancient Acheloüs, whose course it was then to follow to where it joins the seat not far to the west of Missolonghi. It thus excluded Acarnania and Thessaly, the town of Vonizza, which the Greeks had taken early in the year, and an extensive tract of level country lying round the gulph of Calamo. These matters were determined without consulting the wishes of the Greek people, or even making any communication to the Greek government. The National Assembly, which met at Argos on the 23rd of July, passed a decree, approving of the contents of the Presi

dent's answer to the note of the English resident, requesting a suspension of hostilities, and giving full power to the President "to take part in the negotiations to which the allied powers might invite him, in order to agree on the conditions of the execution of the treaty of London," but declaring, at the same time, that the conditions agreed on should not be binding on the nation, till they were acknowledged and confirmed by its national representatives. Count Capo d' Istria was invited to no negotiations, nor even informed of their course. The interests of Greece and of Turkey were decided at London, without the intervention of either a Turkish or a Greek minister. It remained to be seen how far the conclusions, at which the three powers might arrive, would receive the approbation of the "national representatives of Greece," and, if they did not, how far these powers had succeeded in establishing happiness and repose by sacrificing the sound. principles of international law. Greece could scarcely have much reason to complain. The three powers had not fought on her side as allies; they had created her, as a thing to be moulded and fashioned by their own views, and at their own pleasure. The power they were exercising was anomalous in principle, and difficult in practice; but fortunately they could scarcely do any thing for her so bad as would indubitably have resulted from the ignorance of her own people, and the ignorance, knavery, and selfishness of her own great men.

CHAP. XII.

UNITED STATES.-Congress-Inaugural Address of the new President.-BRAZIL.-Extraordinary Meeting of the Legislative Assembly-Proposed Reformation of the Bank-Ordinary Meeting of the Assembly-Reductions in Expenditure-Finances-Attempted Impeachments of the Ministers of Justice and of War for their Proceedings on occasion of an Insurrection at Pernambuco.-BUENOS AYRES.-General Lavalle, at the head of his Troops, overturns the Government--Do Rego, the Governor of Buenos Ayres, raises Troops in the Country to oppose him-Lavalle marches against him, defeats him, takes him Prisoner, and puts him to Death without Trial-Civil War-The Provinces of Santa Fe and Cordova declare against Lavalle-He marches against them—In his absence the Federalists under Rosas approach Buenos Ayres-Lavalle returns to defend the City-Buenos Ayres is besieged-Lavalle concludes a Treaty with the Federalists-Reverses of the Federalists in Cordova-The influence of Lavalle prevails in the Elections at Buenos Ayres-The Federalists refuse to acknowledge them. -A new Convention is concluded, annulling the Elections, and naming a Senate to conduct the Government.-COLOMBIA.— -War with Peru-The Peruvians blockade Guayaquil, and make an unsuccessful attack upon it-It afterwards capitulates-The Peruvians are defeated at Tarqui, and Preliminaries of Peace are signed-The Peruvian Governor of Guayaquil refuses to give it up, and the Campaign is renewed-In consequence of a Revolution in Peru, Guayaquil is given up to the Colombians, and Hostilities are suspended, that a Peace may be negociated-Bolivar convokes an Assembly to meet in 1830-He forces by a Decree the Rights of the Electors and the mode of Election-Santander's sentence of Death is commuted into Banishment--Decree against secret Societies —An Insurrection against Bolivar breaks out in Popayan, but is quelled-Another Insurrection against his unlimited power breaks out in the province of Antioquia-A Revolution in Bolivia, in favour of the Colombian party. PERU.-A Revolution-The President, Lamar, is sent into Banishment, and General La Fuente seizes the Government.-MEXICO.-Consequences of the Insurrection of December 1828, and of the Flight of Pedrazza the President electCongress Meets -Pedrazza resigns, and Guerrero is declared President-Law for the Expulsion of the old Spaniards-State of the Finances-Congress imposes an Income Tax, but the Government is unable to enforce it-Extraordinary Meeting of Congress to oppose a Spanish Invasion-They Vote a forced Loan-They give the President unlimited power over Persons and Property-A Spanish

Army from Cuba lands in Mexico, and takes Tampico, and Tamaulipas. The Spaniards fortify themselves awaiting re-inforcements-The Mexicans, under Santana, march to Tampico-The Spaniards take Altamira-Tamaulipas is attacked by a Detachment of Mexicans, who are repulsed-The Spaniards are shut up in Tamaulipas and surrender.-GUATEMALA.-Siege and Capture of Guatemala by the troops of San Salvador-Meeting of Congress -Proceedings against the Members of the late Government.

LTHOUGH the violent op

and without the Congress of the United States, against the Tariff bill of the preceding session, which raised the duties on all imported articles, had seemed to threaten a dissolution of the Union, the present session passed over without any attempt to obtain a repeal of the obnoxious measure. There seemed to be an understanding between its adversaries and its friends, that it would be improper for the existing Congress to make any alteration, as another President had already been chosen, and another Congress would be elected before the end of the year, when it would be seen whether a new legislature and executive would pursue the policy of their predecessors.

The boundary line betwen the United States and the Canadas had long been a subject of dispute between the two governments, and was still pending; but, pending though it was, Congress showed a strong inclination to treat it as being already decided in their own favour. The representatives for the state of Maine desired a vote of money, for the purpose of constructing a military road from Mars-hill, in the state of Maine, through the territory on the northern frontier. The proposal was advocated on the ground that such an exercise of

sovereignty on the part of the go

over the soil in question, would have a tendency to support the position which it had assumed in its negotiations with respect to that territory, and would show that it had no intention of weakening or abandoning that claim. In opposition to this, it was asserted that it would be inconsistent with the spirit of the agreement with Great Britain, and could have no effect in strengthening the title. Evident as this seemed to be, and plain as was the impertinence and chicanery of the motion, the question was carried in the House. The most objectionable part, however, was afterwards got rid of by an amendment, declaring that the road should be made only if the President "shall deem it necessary for maintaining the rights, and not inconsistent with the engagements, of the United States."

On the 4th of March, general Jackson, the newly-celected President, was installed in his office. Mr. John C. Calhoun was the Vice-President. The President's cabinet was composed of Mr. Van Buren as Secretary of State; Mr. Ingham, as Secretary of the Treasury; Mr. Eaton, as Secretary of War; Mr. Branch, as Secretary of the Navy; and Mr. Berrier, as Attorney General. The inaugural

CHAP. XII.

UNITED STATES.-Congress-Inaugural Address of the new President.-BRAZIL.-Extraordinary Meeting of the Legislative Assembly-Proposed Reformation of the Bank-Ordinary Meeting of the Assembly-Reductions in Expenditure-Finances-Attempted Impeachments of the Ministers of Justice and of War for their Proceedings on occasion of an Insurrection at Pernambuco.-BUENOS AYRES.-General Lavalle, at the head of his Troops, overturns the Government--Do Rego, the Governor of Buenos Ayres, raises Troops in the Country to oppose him-Lavalle marches against him, defeats him, takes him Prisoner, and puts him to Death without Trial-Civil War-The Provinces of Santa Fè and Cordova declare against Lavalle-He marches against them—In his absence the Federalists under Rosas approach Buenos Ayres-Lavalle returns to defend the City-Buenos Ayres is besieged-Lavalle concludes a Treaty with the Federalists-Reverses of the Federalists in Cordova-The influence of Lavalle prevails in the Elections at Buenos Ayres-The Federalists refuse to acknowledge them -A new Convention is concluded, annulling the Elections, and naming a Senate to conduct the Government.-COLOMBIA.-War with Peru-The Peruvians blockade Guayaquil, and make an unsuccessful attack upon it-It afterwards capitulates-The Peruvians are defeated at Tarqui, and Preliminaries of Peace are signed-The Peruvian Governor of Guayaquil refuses to give it up, and the Campaign is renewed-In consequence of a Revolution in Peru, Guayaquil is given up to the Colombians, and Hostilities are suspended, that a Peace may be negociated-Bolivar convokes an Assembly to meet in 1830-He forces by a Decree the Rights of the Electors and the mode of Election-Santander's sentence of Death is commuted into Banishment--Decree against secret Societies -An Insurrection against Bolivar breaks out in Popayan, but is quelled-Another Insurrection against his unlimited power breaks out in the province of Antioquia-A Revolution in Bolivia, in favour of the Colombian party. PERU.-A Revolution-The President, Lamar, is sent into Banishment, and General La Fuente seizes the Government.-MEXICO.-Consequences of the Insurrection of December 1828, and of the Flight of Pedrazza the President elect— Congress Meets -Pedrazza resigns, and Guerrero is declared President-Law for the Expulsion of the old Spaniards-State of the Finances Congress imposes an Income Tax, but the Government is unable to enforce it-Extraordinary Meeting of Congress to oppose a Spanish Invasion-They Vote a forced Loan-They give the President unlimited power over Persons and Property-A Spanish

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